Feasibility study of an electrodialysis system for in-home water desalination in urban India

Nayar, Kishor G.; Sundararaman, Prithiviraj; O'Connor, Catherine L.; Schacherl, Jeffrey D.; Heath, Michael Lindsey; Gabriel, Mario Orozco; Shah, Sahil; Wright, Natasha C.; Winter, Amos G.

doi:10.1016/j.deveng.2016.12.001

Cited by 55 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In the study, sodium chloride (NaCl) feed solution was used, but real brackish water, seawater, and produced water contains additional ions (e.g., calcium, sulfate, nitrate, and fluoride), depending on the sources water types and locations. Since the concentration of sodium and chloride ions are relatively abundant among brackish water, seawater, and produced water samples, a binary NaCl feed solution was used in this study [ 34 ]. As with this study, many other studies also used NaCl feed solution with different concentration ranges such as 3–40 g/L [ 34 , 35 , 36 ], even for 3–150 g/L [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the concentration of sodium and chloride ions are relatively abundant among brackish water, seawater, and produced water samples, a binary NaCl feed solution was used in this study [ 34 ]. As with this study, many other studies also used NaCl feed solution with different concentration ranges such as 3–40 g/L [ 34 , 35 , 36 ], even for 3–150 g/L [ 37 ]. Synthetic electrode rinse solution was also prepared by mixing a fixed concentration of 0.1 molar sodium sulfate (14.2 g/L Na 2 SO 4 ) with deionized water in the laboratory.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Electrodialysis Desalination Performance of Novel Bioinspired and Conventional Ion Exchange Membranes with Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions

et al. 2021

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Electrodialysis (ED) desalination performance of different conventional and laboratory-scale ion exchange membranes (IEMs) has been evaluated by many researchers, but most of these studies used their own sets of experimental parameters such as feed solution compositions and concentrations, superficial velocities of the process streams (diluate, concentrate, and electrode rinse), applied electrical voltages, and types of IEMs. Thus, direct comparison of ED desalination performance of different IEMs is virtually impossible. While the use of different conventional IEMs in ED has been reported, the use of bioinspired ion exchange membrane has not been reported yet. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ED desalination performance differences between novel laboratory‑scale bioinspired IEM and conventional IEMs by determining (i) limiting current density, (ii) current density, (iii) current efficiency, (iv) salinity reduction in diluate stream, (v) normalized specific energy consumption, and (vi) water flux by osmosis as a function of (a) initial concentration of NaCl feed solution (diluate and concentrate streams), (b) superficial velocity of feed solution, and (c) applied stack voltage per cell-pair of membranes. A laboratory‑scale single stage batch-recycle electrodialysis experimental apparatus was assembled with five cell‑pairs of IEMs with an active cross-sectional area of 7.84 cm2. In this study, seven combinations of IEMs (commercial and laboratory-made) were compared: (i) Neosepta AMX/CMX, (ii) PCA PCSA/PCSK, (iii) Fujifilm Type 1 AEM/CEM, (iv) SUEZ AR204SZRA/CR67HMR, (v) Ralex AMH-PES/CMH-PES, (vi) Neosepta AMX/Bare Polycarbonate membrane (Polycarb), and (vii) Neosepta AMX/Sandia novel bioinspired cation exchange membrane (SandiaCEM). ED desalination performance with the Sandia novel bioinspired cation exchange membrane (SandiaCEM) was found to be competitive with commercial Neosepta CMX cation exchange membrane.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Electrodialysis Desalination Performance of Novel Bioinspired and Conventional Ion Exchange Membranes with Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions

et al. 2021

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“…Chung et al [14] had concluded that the potential for further efficiency improvements in MVC systems was limited. ED has been used for a wide range of applications: brackish water desalination [24,27,28], industrial water treatment [24,29], whey demineralization [30], in-home water treatment [31][32][33] and for the concentration of seawater for salt production [21-24, 26, 34]. Given the 50 years of industrial operational experience using ED for concentrating seawater [34], and given limited efficiency improvements possible in MVC [14], we focus the present paper on the potential ED has for cost reductions and efficiency improvements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost and energy needs of RO-ED-crystallizer systems for zero brine discharge seawater desalination

et al. 2019

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A zero brine discharge seawater desalination concept integrating reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED) and crystallizer into a single system (REC) is presented. Analytical models were used to optimize parameters and minimize water production costs. Parameters varied were: the ratio of seawater to RO brine in the ED diluate channel, ED current density, ED diluate outlet salinity, electricity and salt prices, and RO recovery by adding high pressure RO (HPRO). Using only RO brine instead of only seawater in the ED diluate channel reduced water production costs by 87% from 27 to 3.5 $/m 3 while increasing salt production costs 26% from 135 to 170 $/tonne-salt. The former was best for brine minimization, and the latter for salt production.Optimizing ED current density reduced REC costs by another 14% to 3.0 $/m 3 while increasing specific energy consumption 26% to 12.7 kWh e /m 3 , corresponding to a Second Law efficiency of 18%. Adding an HPRO stage was uneconomical as it increased specific costs 21%. A salt price of 104.5 $/tonne-salt will justify the cost of adding an ED-crystallizer. REC systems may be economically feasible in parts of the Middle-East. Producing other products such as Mg(OH) 2 or Br 2 may further improve economics. , "Cost and energy needs of RO-ED crystallizer systems for zero brine discharge seawater desalination," Desalination, online

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“…Modification of IEMs, electrodes, spacers, cell architecture, unit design, and operational conditions not only have enhanced the performance of ED for brackish water desalination [ 476 , 477 , 478 , 479 ] but have also introduced new applications for ED and ED-based processes. A number of such applications include boiler feed water production [ 480 ], recovery of valuable metals such as lithium [ 481 , 482 ], selective removal of contaminants [ 483 , 484 , 485 ], RO concentrate management [ 486 ], industrial wastewater treatment [ 487 , 488 ], desalination for agricultural uses [ 489 ], zero-liquid discharge desalination [ 121 ], ion recovery [ 490 ], in-home water treatment with higher water recovery compared to RO [ 491 ], acid and base generation [ 492 ], nutrient recovery [ 493 , 494 ], and organic acid production [ 495 ].…”

Section: Brackish Water Desalination: Which Technology To Choose?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.

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Feasibility study of an electrodialysis system for in-home water desalination in urban India

Cited by 55 publications

References 13 publications

Evaluation of Electrodialysis Desalination Performance of Novel Bioinspired and Conventional Ion Exchange Membranes with Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions

Evaluation of Electrodialysis Desalination Performance of Novel Bioinspired and Conventional Ion Exchange Membranes with Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions

Cost and energy needs of RO-ED-crystallizer systems for zero brine discharge seawater desalination

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

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