Feasibility study for the recycling of nickel metal hydride electric vehicle batteries. Final report

Abstract

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Total energy cycle assessment of electric and conventional vehicles: an energy and environmental analysis. Volume 1: technical report

“…Approximately two-thirds of each CV and EV shell is iron and steel, and approximately 85% of each shell is iron, steel, aluminum, plastic and rubber. This is consistent with the average composition of U.S. passenger cars in 1994 as shown in Table 8.7. The tables show that we expect small changes in these percentages to occur over time, but we do not assume any major material substitutions.…”

“…The four battery types are: Advanced Lead-acid (PbAcid), Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd), Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH), and Sodium-Sulfur (Na-S). These four battery types were selected in 1994 based on what vehicle and battery manufacturers were then working on. (Different batteries might be selected now.)…”

“…Transportation distances are also from the same document, except for barge transport, which is from Davis (1994). The most important modes of crude oil transport are pipelines and barges, each of which accounts for more than 38% of crude oil transport.…”

“…A recent study by NREL (Sabatini 1994) estimated costs, including energy costs, for potential recycling processes for Ni-MH automotive batteries. Direct energy use for the different processes ranges fiom 4-14 x lo6 Btu/ton of batteries processed, almost all in the form of electricity.…”

Development of a metal hydride electrode waste treatment process

“…cycled material waste England, 1997 . The Ni᎐MH battery is one of the advanced technologies that is likely to see near-Ž term use in electric vehicles Sabatini et al, 1994;Leonardi . and Bouet, 1996 .…”