“…Biodiesel fuels effectively contribute to reducing emissions like carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matters (PM), and total hydrocarbons (THC) when used in diesel engines at acceptable diesel-biodiesel blend ratios (Abdollahi et al, 2020;Mahlia et al, 2020). Although biodiesel typically reduces a variety of emissions, the general trend of combustion of this fuel shows an increase in the emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) at all loads of engine operation (Szybist et al, 2007;Lapuerta et al, 2008;Palash et al, 2013;Sahu et al, 2013;Lanjekar and Deshmukh, 2016). The feedstocks for biodiesel production may be sourced from edible oil sources, non-edible oil sources Mofijur et al, 2020a), waste oils and fats, and advanced microalgae (Mofijur et al, 2019;Fattah et al, 2020).…”