Feasibility study and multi-objective optimization of seawater cooling systems for data centers: A case study of Caspian Sea

Mokhtari, Reza; Arabkoohsar, Ahmad

doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101528

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Finally, for building cooling, possible renewable energy technologies can be investigated. For instance, Schiboula and Tambani [81] found that a seawater cooling system, deployed at a depth of 700 m in the Caspian Sea, can provide up to 78% energy saving comparing to a conventional cooling system, while seawater to cool chillers was investigated in the urban area of a coastal city [82].…”

Section: Study Scope Limitations Of Present Study and Recommendations...mentioning

confidence: 99%

School Electricity Consumption in a Small Island Country: The Case of Fiji

Prasad

2024

Energies

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Electricity consumption in buildings is one of the major causes of energy usage and knowledge of this can help building owners and users increase energy efficiency and conservation efforts. For Pacific Island countries, building electricity demand data is not readily accessible or available for constructing models to predict electricity demand. This paper starts to fill this gap by studying the case of schools in Fiji. The aim of the paper is to assess the factors affecting electricity demand for grid-connected Fijian schools and use this assessment to build mathematical models (multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN)) to predict electricity consumption. The average grid-connected electricity demand in kWh/year was 1411 for early childhood education schools, 5403 for primary schools, and 23,895 for secondary schools. For predicting electricity demand (ED) for all grid-connected schools, the stepwise MLR model shows that taking logarithm transformations on both the dependent variable and independent variables (number of students, lights, and air conditioning systems) yields statistically significant independent variables with an R2 value of 73.3% and RMSE of 0.2248. To improve the predicting performance, ANN models were constructed on both the natural form of variables and transformed variables. The optimum ANN model had an R2 value of 95.3% and an RMSE of 59.4 kWh/year. The findings of this study can assist schools in putting measures in place to reduce their electricity demand, associated costs, and carbon footprint, as well as help government ministries make better-informed policies.

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Section: Study Scope Limitations Of Present Study and Recommendations...mentioning

confidence: 99%

School Electricity Consumption in a Small Island Country: The Case of Fiji

Prasad

2024

Energies

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“…Natural cooling sources, including natural ventilation [16,17], sky radiation [18,19], outdoor water reservoir [20,21], and deep soil [22], offer alternatives to space cooling. However, each source presents unique challenges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Application Analysis of a Novel Full Fresh Air System Using Only Geothermal Energy for Space Cooling and Dehumidification

Han,

Li,

et al. 2024

Buildings

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To effectively reduce building energy consumption, a novel full fresh air system with a heat source tower (HST) and a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) was proposed for space cooling and dehumidification in this paper. The cooling system only adopts geothermal energy to produce dry and cold fresh air for space cooling and dehumidification through the BHE and HST, which has the advantage of non-condensate water compared to BHE systems integrated with a fan coil or chilled beam. Based on the established mathematical model of the cooling system, this paper analyzed the system characteristics, feasibility, operation strategy, energy performance, and cost-effectiveness of the proposed model in detail. The results show that the mathematical model has less than 10% error in estimating the system performance compared to the practical HST−BHE experimental set up. Under the specific boundary conditions, the cooling and dehumidification capacity of this system increases with the decrease in the air temperature, air moisture content, and inlet water temperature of the HST. The optimal cooling capacity and the system COP can be achieved when the air–water flow ratio is at 4:3. A case study was conducted in a residential building in Shenyang with an area of about 1800 m2. It was found that this system can fully meet the cooling and dehumidification demand in such a residential building. The operation strategy of the cooling system can be optimized by adjusting the air–water flow ratio from 4:3 to 3:2 during the early cooling season (7 June–1 July) and end cooling season (3 August–1 September). As a result, the average COP of the cooling system during the whole cooling season can be improved from 6.1 to 8.7. Compared with the air source heat pump (ASHP) and the ground source heat pump (GSHP) for space cooling, the proposed cooling system can achieve an energy saving rate of 123% and 26%, respectively. Considering that the BHE of the GSHP can be part of the proposed HST−BHE cooling system, the integration of the HST and GHSP for space cooling (and heating) is strongly recommended in actual applications.

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