Feasibility of Water Efficiency and Reuse Technologies as Demand‐Side Strategies for Urban Water Management

Abstract

Summary Potable residential water efficiency and reuse technologies have seen increasing adoption in recent years and have been estimated to reduce demands by up to 50%. In this work, we used an engineering economic model to estimate the technically feasible levelized cost of water provided by seven above‐code water efficiency (i.e., beyond that required by building code) and reuse technologies within the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) in central Texas. Unlike other demand‐side studies of residential water use, we model uncertainty and variation in technology adoption cost and performance; include reuse technologies; and differentiate between new construction and retrofits. We developed a conservation supply curve to compare the levelized cost of efficiency and reuse technologies with conventional supply‐side water management strategies. We estimate that efficiency and reuse in the residential sector can meet 85% of 50‐year projected needs (the difference between projected demand and estimated supplies) for the LCRA service area. We also estimate lower levelized costs for immediate retrofits of most technologies, promoting incentives for early technology adoption. However, efficiency and reuse technology performance demonstrates considerable uncertainty and variability. The fraction of demands met by demand‐side strategies range from around 60% to 100%. Occupancy drives much of the variability because it significantly affects demand. These results promote designing incentives for adoption of water efficiency and reuse technologies based upon use. We find that water‐efficient showerheads and bathroom faucet aerators perform well over a variety of assumptions, indicating that these technologies should be a priority for municipalities seeking water demand reductions.

Model Pengelolaan Air Bersih di Kecamatan Pamulang, Kota Tangerang Selatan

“…Sumberdaya air berperan sangat penting dalam pembangunan kependudukan, sosial dan ekonomi. Kota-kota besar menghadapi masalah polusi air karena pengaruh urbanisasi, pertumbuhan populasi dan perkembangan ekonomi (Irawan et al, 2014;Luo et al, 2019;Máñez et al, 2012) Peningkatan jumlah penduduk mengakibatkan peningkatan jumlah permintaan akan sumberdaya air (Berhanu et al, 2017), yang jika tidak dikelola dengan baik dapat mengakibatkan kelangkaan (Sun et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2016). Pada kenyataannya, sebagian penduduk dunia belum dapat mengakses air, sehingga tujuan tersebut dijadikan salah satu tujuan dalam target Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) (Cronin et al, 2017;Fuchs et al, 2015), yakni penyediaan sarana dan prasarana air bersih untuk dapat menjangkau minimal 80% penduduk pada tahun 2025 (Dinas Tata Kota Bangunan dan Pemukiman Kota Tangerang Selatan, 2014; Sesestyo & Laxmi, 2017;Wibowo & Alfen, 2015).…”

Breathing life into climate change adaptation

“…Once adaptation measures to save water have been identified, it is helpful to understand how effective they might be. Berhanu, Blackhurst, Kirisits, Jamarillo, and Carlson () explored the feasibility of water efficiency and reuse technologies for residential water use by modeling technology adoption cost and performance for varying reuse technologies as well as construction versus retrofit scenarios. This ability to model the impact of various interventions across sectors could provide invaluable decision support in the planning of climate change adaptation measures.…”

“…Once adaptation measures to save water have been identified, it is helpful to understand how effective they might be. Berhanu, Blackhurst, Kirisits, Jamarillo, and Carlson (2017) Water availability and its quality is also a major determinant for human health and well-being. Saravanan, Mavalankar, Kulkarni, Nussbaum, and Weigelt (2015) turned to interdisciplinary methodology including urban metabolism to examine water issues and their relationship to health in urban India.…”

Development of the method for formation of the systemally based level of resources of logistics operations

“…The most urgent task of assessing the ES effectiveness operations [10] is raised in those cases where the cost issues [11], speed [12] and the time of production [13], within the material flows, were clearly linked with the need to take into account the nature of demand [14] and consequences of a possible shortage of products [15].…”