Feasibility of Quantitative Environmental Surveillance in Poliovirus Eradication Strategies

Lodder, Willemijn J.; Buisman, Anne‐Marie; Rutjes, Saskia A.; Heijne, Janneke C. M.; Teunis, Peter; Husman, Ana Maria de Roda

doi:10.1128/aem.07972-11

Cited by 66 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Since silent transmission of PV can be severe in our country, the number of infected persons (not ill) can exceed 1,000 before detection by AFP surveillance. We show that in our setup the detection of poliovirus by environmental surveillance will curtail the time to detection and the number of infected persons dramatically, as was suggested for OPV types 1 and 3 in the Dutch population (15) and for wild poliovirus type 1 spread in Israel (16). This clearly supports the aim of WHO for the expansion of environmental surveillance as a tool to strengthen polio surveillance during the endgame of poliovirus eradication (17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…We detected only one PV1 SL in PRC-Ter Apel sewage samples. The PRC samples were collected 3 times per week, and considering the detection limit and population size at the PRC, we estimated detection of single shedders at the average level of shedding (2.3 ϫ 10 4 CCID 50 per g in a seronegative population [15]). Lower levels of shedding indeed result in reduced likelihood of detection and in reduced likelihood of continued transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For determination of the analytical detection limits, 1-liter water samples were spiked in duplicate with 500, 5,000, or 50,000 RT-PCRDU of PV1 Sabin and measles virus MV-BIL, and 2 different sewage samples were spiked in duplicate with 10 3 , 10 4 , or 10 5 measles virus and 5 ϫ 10 3 , 5 ϫ For the estimation of virus detection in sewage samples we used the following data: water discharge per person per day, 125 liters at home and 20 liters at school; urine excretion per person per day, 1,250 ml at home and 250 ml at school; average fecal excretion per person per day, 128 g; MV excretion, 5 ϫ 10 5 RT-PCRDU/ml urine; and poliovirus excretion, 2.3 ϫ 10 4 CCID 50 per g (seronegative population [15]). …”

Section: Clinical Enterovirus Surveillance (Cevs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polio and Measles Down the Drain: Environmental Enterovirus Surveillance in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2015

Benschop

Avoort

Jusic

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Polioviruses (PVs) are members of the genus Enterovirus. In the Netherlands, the exclusion of PV circulation is based on clinical enterovirus (EV) surveillance (CEVS) of EV-positive cases and routine environmental EV surveillance (EEVS) conducted on sewage samples collected in the region of the Netherlands where vaccination coverage is low due to religious reasons. We compared the EEVS data to those of the CEVS to gain insight into the relevance of EEVS for poliovirus and nonpolio enterovirus surveillance. Following the polio outbreak in Syria, EEVS was performed at the primary refugee center in Ter Apel in the Netherlands, and data were compared to those of CEVS and EEVS. Furthermore, we assessed the feasibility of poliovirus detection by EEVS using measles virus detection in sewage during a measles outbreak as a proxy. Two Sabin-like PVs were found in routine EEVS, 11 Sabin-like PVs were detected in the CEVS, and one Sabin-like PV was found in the Ter Apel sewage. We observed significant differences between the three programs regarding which EVs were found. In 6 sewage samples collected during the measles outbreak in 2013, measles virus RNA was detected in regions where measles cases were identified. In conclusion, we detected PVs, nonpolio EVs, and measles virus in sewage and showed that environmental surveillance is useful for poliovirus detection in the Netherlands, where live oral poliovirus vaccine is not used and communities with lower vaccination coverage exist. EEVS led to the detection of EV types not seen in the CEVS, showing that EEVS is complementary to CEVS. IMPORTANCE We show that environmental enterovirus surveillance complements clinical enterovirus surveillance for poliovirus detection, or exclusion, and for nonpolio enterovirus surveillance. Even in the presence of adequate surveillance, only a very limited number of Sabin-like poliovirus strains were detected in a 10-year period, and no signs of transmission of oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains were found in a country using exclusively inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Measles viruses can be detected during an outbreak in sewage samples collected and concentrated following procedures used for environmental enterovirus surveillance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Enterovirus Surveillance (Cevs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Polio and Measles Down the Drain: Environmental Enterovirus Surveillance in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2015

Benschop

Avoort

Jusic

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Hovi et al (5) reported that by analyzing a single 400-ml specimen, PV circulation could be detected if about 100 individuals were infected with PV in a population of 700,000 people. Lodder et al (14) found that it is possible to detect 100 PVinfected individuals in a population of tens of thousands uninfected individuals. In our situation, both the JNEW and LYSC plants treated 200,000 tons of sewage daily.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intercity Spread of Echovirus 6 in Shandong Province, China: Application of Environmental Surveillance in Tracing Circulating Enteroviruses

Tao

Song

Wang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTEnvironmental surveillance is an effective approach in investigating circulating enteroviruses and had been conducted in the cities of Jinan and Linyi since February 2008 and April 2010, respectively. This study analyzed 46 sewage samples collected in the two cities in 2011 and found that echovirus 6 (E6) was the predominant serotype, with 134 isolates (65 in Jinan and 69 in Linyi) from 23 (50%) samples. This differs from the 2010 data that found 29 E6 isolates in Jinan and only 3 in Linyi. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 coding region showed that all environmental E6 samples from 2008 to 2011 (n= 167) segregated into two lineages and revealed an increase in VP1 gene diversity in 2011, suggesting that the increased number of E6 detections reflects a real epidemic in the two cities. Most Linyi isolates (n= 61, or 88%) in 2011 segregated into sublineage 1a, together with 18 Jinan isolates in 2011. Interestingly, the ancestral VP1 sequence of sublineage 1a inferred using the maximum-likelihood method had 100% identity with the sequence of one environmental isolate from Jinan in August 2010, suggesting an intercity spread from Jinan to Linyi. By Bayesian phylodynamic methods, the most recent common ancestor of Linyi isolates in sublineage 1a dated back to 24 December 2010, revealing that this sublineage was likely imported into Linyi from August to December in 2010. This study demonstrates that environmental surveillance is a sensitive method in tracing transmission pathways of circulating enteroviruses among different regions and reveals that E6-associated aseptic meningitis is an emerging concern in China.

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“…The advantage of ENVS is that it can detect PV circulation in the absence of clinical cases since virus is excreted into sewage during asymptomatic infections as well as symptomatic infections. Moreover, results can be semi quantitative as well as qualitative (Hovi et al, 2012;Hovi et al, 2001;Lodder et al, 2012;Manor et al, 2014).…”

Section: Poliomyelitis Vaccination and Eradication Updatementioning

confidence: 99%

Polioviruses and other Enteroviruses

Betancourt¹,

Shulman²

2019

Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Wate

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Feasibility of Quantitative Environmental Surveillance in Poliovirus Eradication Strategies

Cited by 66 publications

References 38 publications

Polio and Measles Down the Drain: Environmental Enterovirus Surveillance in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2015

Polio and Measles Down the Drain: Environmental Enterovirus Surveillance in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2015

Intercity Spread of Echovirus 6 in Shandong Province, China: Application of Environmental Surveillance in Tracing Circulating Enteroviruses

Polioviruses and other Enteroviruses

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