“…Energy conversion ands torage applications, such as fuel cells, electrolysis cells, rechargeable batteries, and thermochemical and photochemical catalysts, have gained great attention as highly efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] In thesea pplications, mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs) are widely used because of their high mixed ionic and electronic conductivity and high catalytic activity.T od evelop the above technologies, electrochemical, thermochemical, and photochemical reactions in the devices shouldb ew ell understood. For this purpose, ad irect observation technique, which is available under working conditions of the devices, that is, controlled temperature, atmosphere, and polarization conditions, is as trong tool.…”