Feasibility, architecture and cost considerations of using TVWS for rural Internet access in 5G

Khalil, Mohsin; Qadir, Junaid; Onireti, Oluwakayode; Imran, Muhammad Ali; Younis, Shahzad

doi:10.1109/icin.2017.7899245

Cited by 52 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Another approach is described in [214], where WiFi APs and/or 5G mmWave small cells are used inside villages/homes, and a village connectivity point is connected via TVWS to a macro ultra high frequency (UHF) BS that connects the villages together and has access to a gateway with fiber backhaul connectivity.…”

Section: G Tv White Space (Tvws)/ Cognitive Radio (Cr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main

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Section: G Tv White Space (Tvws)/ Cognitive Radio (Cr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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“…In fact, the feasibility of multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) in rural areas was demonstrated in [188,189,190,191,192], where in [191,192] a model using OFDM over TVWS, and that accurately predicts performance, was proposed (except for closely positioned users, where the model underestimates the actual performance). Another approach is described in [193], where WiFi APs and/or 5G mmWave small cells are used inside villages/homes, and a village connectivity point is connected via TVWS to a macro UHF BS that connects the villages together and has access to a gateway with fiber backhaul connectivity.…”

Section: Tv White Space (Tvws)/ Cognitive Radio (Cr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2019

Preprint

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DRAFT 4) Hyper Connected: This scenario corresponds to people enjoying state-of-the-art connectivity, e.g., at least 4G and possibly 5G cellular connectivity, and/or with high speed fixed DSL or FTTH or FTTN connectivity. These subscribers typically live in urban areas, and it is extremely difficult to find them in rural areas, due to the numerous barriers discussed previously. This paper surveys the literature aiming to provide basic connectivity to the unconnected population, or aiming to increase the connectivity level of those with basic connectivity ("Under Hence, the challenges for FSO in space are less critical, and indeed significantly better performance can be achieved, especially due to the fact that the optical signal is not traversing the atmosphere. In 2008, an optical inter-satellite link achieved a data rate transmission of 5.6 Gbps for distances up to 5, 000 km in the European Data Relay satellite System (EDRS). Newer terminals can transmit at a data rate of 1.8 Gbps for distances up to 45, 000 km. The intersatellite Ka band link achieved 300 Mbps [44]. In EDRS, LEO satellites relay the data from ground stations to GEO satellites using FSO for the GEO-LEO satellite communication, and RF bands for communication with the ground stations (similarly to the satellite-satellite Ka link, the satellite-ground Ka link achieved 300 Mbps) [44]. Some of the recent satellite constellations discussed in Section II-E, e.g., Starlink, are also expected to use FSO for its inter-satellite communication [45,46,47]. D. HAPs/Drones/UAVs/BalloonsTo solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].UAVs are proposed in [49] to provide backhaul connectivity for ground 5G base stations. A steering algorithm to allow the antennas of the UAV and the ground BS to be dynamically steered towards each other is proposed in [49], and tested via an experimental setup. In[50], a multihop network of HAPs is proposed for providing backhaul connectivity to TVWS deployments in rural areas. The HAPs communicate with each other using mmWave frequencies, and with the ground stations using FSO.An interference alignment scheme to maximize the sum-rate capacity of HAPs communicating with GSs is proposed in [51]. The scheme assumes M HAP drones and N GSs, with no CSI at the HAPs. A tethered balloon with (M − 1) × (N − 1) antennas is used as a decode and forward (DF) relay with half-duplex operation: The HAPs transmit their data to the GSs first, then the tethered balloon relays the data after performing pre-coding [51].Aerostats filled with lighter than air gas are tethered to the ground and used to provide connectivity to rural areas in [52]. Although these tethered aerostats can be used to provide backhaul connectivity by communicating with each other using directive antennas, they were also used in [52] to provide fronthaul WiFi access by using high gain omnidirectional antennas.

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“…CellFi [9] leverages TVWS and LTE standards to realize an unlicensed cellular network with some additional changes to standard LTE to handle the opportunistic nature of channel access in TVWS spectrum and unplanned interference experienced by TVWS secondary users. [10] consider the use of TVWS in the 5G architecture, supporting it with a cost analysis.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the potential of TVWS spectrum to enable a low cost middle mile network infrastructure

Kassem

Marina

Holland

2018

2018 10th International Conference on Communication Systems &Amp; Networks (COMSNETS)

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The attractiveness of TV white space (TVWS) spectrum for last mile access in rural and developing regions has been recognized before. In this paper, we complement this existing work and draw attention to the potential of TVWS spectrum for enabling low cost middle mile connectivity to the Internet backbone. In particular, we examine the amount and nature of TVWS spectrum available towards this end, considering a representative rural setting in the UK, TV transmitter locations and their configuration, terrain information and antenna type. We introduce a new notion of receiver side usable spectrum that differs from the commonly considered available spectrum at transmitter side obtained from consulting a geolocation database. We find that cumulative interference from multiple nearby TV transmitters can severely reduce the amount of usable TVWS spectrum and also heavily fragments it. However, the use of directional antennas, as would be the case for TVWS backhaul links, negates this effect and suggests the possibility of high speed TVWS backhaul links via spectrum aggregation.

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Feasibility, architecture and cost considerations of using TVWS for rural Internet access in 5G

Cited by 52 publications

References 27 publications

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

On the potential of TVWS spectrum to enable a low cost middle mile network infrastructure

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