Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the global transition towards decarbonization and renewable energy resources (RERs). As EVs gain popularity, this has resulted in various challenges for the power grid, such as an intensified peak-to-valley load differential, causing transformer overloading. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has emerged as a promising solution due to its controllable charging and discharging capabilities. Mature business schemes can incentivize the development of V2G technology. However, the business schemes of V2G technology are still unclear. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the business schemes associated with V2G technology, especially focusing on its feasibility and challenges with respect to the electricity market. In this paper, several business schemes with respect to the electricity market are explored by conducting extensive literature reviews, including peak-to-valley arbitrage, the spot market, demand–response (DR), frequency regulation, voltage regulation, spinning reserve, and black start. Next, application scenarios and real-world use cases of the V2G technology’s business schemes are investigated. Furthermore, the challenges faced by the V2G technology’s business schemes are assessed by considering the technical, economical, and social aspects. By identifying these challenges, it is important to highlight the existing shortcomings and areas of interest for V2G technology’s research and development. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of V2G technology and its implications for the energy sector.

Development of a Cost-driven, Real-Time Management Strategy for e-Mobility Hubs Including Islanded Operation

“…Although e-mobility is remarked as a promising solution when massively applied in countries where renewable energy generation is significant, several studies address a considerable impact of EVSE insertion in the energy distribution systems. Even though several charging and integration methodologies have emerged in the last decade, including the possibility for vehicle-to-grid operations (V2G), these impacts on the distribution grid are still expected to be significant in the following years [9,[12][13][14][15][16].…”

Online EVs Vehicle-to-Grid Scheduling Coordinated with Multi-Energy Microgrids: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach

“…Reference [12] assesses the feasibility of the hybrid backup system within the microgrid that incorporates V2G technology to minimize the operational costs, the wasted energy in the dummy load, and the loss of power supply probability. Additionally, studies [13,14] have examined the potential challenges and barriers to widespread V2G adoption, including interoperability issues [15,16], regulatory hurdles [17], and consumer acceptance [18].…”