Feasibility Analysis and Comparative Assessment of Structural Power Technology in All-Electric Composite Aircraft

Scholz, Anna E.; Hermanutz, Andreas; Hornung, Mirko

doi:10.25967/480065

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In the latter, all materials adopt multiple functions (i.e., energy storage and load-bearing). Thus, multifunctional structures are synonymous with type-I and type-II structural batteries, whereas multifunctional materials include type-III and type-IV structural batteries [8].…”

Section: Classification and Performance Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This section reviews proposed methodologies for integrating battery cells within composite structures, aiming at a minimum degradation of the structural mechanical properties (stiffness and strength). Most of the studies [8,43,68] integrated the battery cells into sandwich-like material constituted of two composite skins and a core (the actual battery cell), as reported in Figures 3 and 11a. With this integration strategy, only plain plates with large dimensions have been manufactured and characterized to determine how the introduction of a battery cell influences the mechanical performance of a composite structure.…”

Section: Integration Strategies and Considered Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scholz et al [8] assess the feasibility of structural battery integration for two small allelectric aircraft (two-seaters with 600 and 750 kg MTOW). Replacing the entire propulsive battery (with a capacity of around 20 kWh), a minimum energy density of around one-third to one-half with respect to the conventional battery pack could be accepted, depending on the degree of structural degradation, i.e., at minimum, 52 Wh/kg for the structural battery vs. 176 Wh/kg for the conventional battery pack.…”

Section: Preliminary Studies On the Aeronautic Applications Of Struct...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural Batteries for Aeronautic Applications—State of the Art, Research Gaps and Technology Development Needs

et al. 2021

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Radical innovations for all aircraft systems and subsystems are needed for realizing future carbon-neutral aircraft, with hybrid-electric aircraft due to be delivered after 2035, initially in the regional aircraft segment of the industry. Electrical energy storage is one key element here, demanding safe, energy-dense, lightweight technologies. Combining load-bearing with energy storage capabilities to create multifunctional structural batteries is a promising way to minimize the detrimental impact of battery weight on the aircraft. However, despite the various concepts developed in recent years, their viability has been demonstrated mostly at the material or coupon level, leaving many open questions concerning their applicability to structural elements of a relevant size for implementation into the airframe. This review aims at providing an overview of recent approaches for structural batteries, assessing their multifunctional performance, and identifying gaps in technology development toward their introduction for commercial aeronautic applications. The main areas where substantial progress needs to be achieved are materials, for better energy storage capabilities; structural integration and aircraft design, for optimizing the mechanical-electrical performance and lifetime; aeronautically compatible manufacturing techniques; and the testing and monitoring of multifunctional structures. Finally, structural batteries will introduce novel aspects to the certification framework.

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Section: Classification and Performance Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integration Strategies and Considered Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preliminary Studies On the Aeronautic Applications Of Struct...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural Batteries for Aeronautic Applications—State of the Art, Research Gaps and Technology Development Needs

et al. 2021

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Evaluating multifunctional efficiency of a structural battery composite via thermo-electro-chemical modeling

Eaton¹,

Naraghi²,

Boyd³

2022

Multifunct. Mater.

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The emerging research field of structural batteries aims to combine the functions of load bearing and energy storage to improve system-level energy storage in battery-powered vehicles and consumer products. Structural batteries, when implemented in electric vehicles, will be exposed to greater temperature fluctuations than conventional batteries in EVs. However, there is a lack of published data regarding how these thermal boundary conditions impact power capabilities of the structural batteries. To fill this gap, the present work simulates transient temperature-dependent specific power capabilities of high aspect ratio structural battery composite by solving one-dimensional heat transfer equation with heat source and convective boundary conditions. Equivalent circuit modeling of resistivity-induced losses is used with a second-order finite difference method to examine battery performance. More than 60 different run configurations are evaluated, examining how thermal boundary conditions and internal heat influence power capabilities and multifunctional efficiency of the structural battery. The simulated structural battery composite is shown to have good specific Young’s modulus (79.5 to 80.3% of aluminum), a specific energy of 158 Wh/kg, and specific power of 41.2 to 55.2 W/kg, providing a multifunctional efficiency of 1.15 to 1.17 depending on configuration and thermal loading conditions and demonstrating the potential of load-bearing structural batteries to achieve mass savings. This work emphasizes the dependency of power efficiency on cell design and external environmental conditions. Insulating material is shown to improve multifunctional efficiency, particularly for low ambient temperatures. It is demonstrated that as cell temperature increases due to high ambient temperature or heat generation in the battery, the specific power efficiency increases exponentially due to a favorable nonlinear relation between ionic conductivity and cell temperature. The simulations also demonstrate a thermal feedback loop where resistivity-induced power losses can lead to self-regulation of cell temperature. This effect reduces run-averaged losses, particularly at low ambient temperature.

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Feasibility Analysis and Comparative Assessment of Structural Power Technology in All-Electric Composite Aircraft

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Structural Batteries for Aeronautic Applications—State of the Art, Research Gaps and Technology Development Needs

Structural Batteries for Aeronautic Applications—State of the Art, Research Gaps and Technology Development Needs

Evaluating multifunctional efficiency of a structural battery composite via thermo-electro-chemical modeling

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