Fear Thou Not: Activity of Frontal and Temporal Circuits in Moments of Real-Life Courage

Nili, Uri; Goldberg, Hagar; Weizman, Abraham; Dudai, Yadin

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.009

Cited by 88 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…The data suggest that this behavior may be related to trying to find a method to escape the operant shock chamber. This is consistent with a recent human imaging study (Nili et al, 2010), which shows that the ACC may be involved in overcoming fear (i.e., courage). Since we do not give the mouse an opportunity to escape the operant chamber, the animal may only execute a small part of an escape motor plan (e.g., a lifting of the head or movements to inspect the confines of the operant chamber).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The seemingly multimodal behavior of neurons, overlapping with motor movements and pain, makes sense if an animal is to avoid pain in the future through motor behavior, and fits nicely with recent predictions for the overlap of pain and movement systems (Dum et al, 2009) and the involvement of the ACC in courageous behavior (Nili et al, 2010). However, it is surprising that ACC neuron activity would correlate with motor behavior even when the animal is not experiencing pain (i.e., during the trace fear interval).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In such a case, the ACC was found to be activated before making an approach to fearful stimuli and was positively correlated with the degree of subjectively reported fear. However, measures of physiological fear (i.e., skin responses) were found to decrease, suggesting that the ACC is involved in overcoming physiological/behavioral aspects of fear (Nili et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Predicting Aversive Events and Terminating Fear in the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Trace Fear Conditioning

Steenland¹,

Li²,

Zhuo³

2012

J. Neurosci.

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A variety of studies have implicated the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in fear, including permanent storage of fear memory. Recent pharmacological and genetic studies indicate that early synaptic plasticity in the ACC may also contribute to certain forms of fear memory at early time points. However, no study has directly examined the possible changes in neuronal activity of ACC neurons in freely behaving mice during early learning. In the present study, we examined the neural responses of the ACC during trace fear conditioning. We found that ACC putative pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons were involved in the termination of fear behavior ("un-freezing"), and the spike activity of these neurons was reduced during freezing. Some of the neurons were also found to acquire un-freezing locked activity and change their tuning. The results implicate the ACC neurons in fear learning and controlling the abolition of fear behavior. We also show that the ACC is important for making cue-related fear memory associations in the trace fear paradigm as measured with tone-evoked potentials and single-unit activity. Collectively, our findings indicate that the ACC is involved in predicting future aversive events and terminating fear during trace fear.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Predicting Aversive Events and Terminating Fear in the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Trace Fear Conditioning

Steenland¹,

Li²,

Zhuo³

2012

J. Neurosci.

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“…However, we indeed observed that vmPFC (subgenual anterior cingulate) was involved in the development of blocking, but its responseswhich were characterized by a significant deactivation-were limited to the comparison of CSAX versus CSA. This selective response is especially interesting given this region's involvement in the control of conditioned fear in animals (Rosenkranz et al, 2003;Vidal-Gonzalez et al, 2006) and in both automatic and voluntary forms of fear regulation in humans (Phelps et al, 2004;Delgado et al, 2008a;Klumpers et al, 2010;Nili et al, 2010), but obviously it leaves open the question via which pathway the dlPFC-mediated upregulation of amygdala responses-as observed on BY trials-is realized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correction for multiple comparisons using Gaussian random field theory was based on probabilistic maps of our target regions (obtained from the Harvard-Oxford atlas and thresholded at 50%): amygdala, dlPFC (approximated by the middle frontal gyrus mask), and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC)/subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) (approximated by the subcallosal cortex mask, which is somewhat overly conservative as it also includes more lateral parts). While the terminology used to describe this latter region is rather inconsistent across studies, note that we were specifically interested in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, as it shows a very prominent involvement in various processes of human fear control (Phelps et al, 2004;Delgado et al, 2008a;Klumpers et al, 2010;Nili et al, 2010). No probabilistic maps exist for dACC and AI, which we therefore approximated by spheres (10 mm radius) centered on coordinates from a recent meta-analysis of fear conditioning (Mechias et al, 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Blocking Effect in Aversive Learning

2012

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Current theories of classical conditioning assume that learning depends on the predictive relationship between events, not just on their temporal contiguity. Here we employ the classic experiment substantiating this reasoning-the blocking paradigm-in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether human amygdala responses in aversive learning conform to these assumptions. In accordance with blocking, we demonstrate that significantly stronger behavioral and amygdala responses are evoked by conditioned stimuli that are predictive of the unconditioned stimulus than by conditioned stimuli that have received the same pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, yet have no predictive value. When studying the development of this effect, we not only observed that it was related to the strength of previous conditioned responses, but also that predictive compared with nonpredictive conditioned stimuli received more overt attention, as measured by fMRI-concurrent eye tracking, and that this went along with enhanced amygdala responses. We furthermore observed that prefrontal regions play a role in the development of the blocking effect: ventromedial prefrontal cortex (subgenual anterior cingulate) only exhibited responses when conditioned stimuli had to be established as nonpredictive for an outcome, whereas dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also showed responses when conditioned stimuli had to be established as predictive. Most importantly, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex connectivity to amygdala flexibly switched between positive and negative coupling, depending on the requirements posed by predictive relationships. Together, our findings highlight the role of predictive value in explaining amygdala responses and identify mechanisms that shape these responses in human fear conditioning.

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Prey positions as consumers' behavioural patterns: Exploratory evidence from anfMRI study

Mesly¹

2016

J of Consumer Behaviour

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The present article reviews some of the tenets of the Consolidated Model of Financial Predation (CMFP). The CMFP is used to explain how investors behave as either predators or prey in the financial markets, for example, during the 2008 predatory-mortgages crisis. The article tests one of its key assumptions: that is, that people adopt different levels of prey positions. In the last four years, a number of articles have been published on the CMFP, which states that people adopt either a predator or a prey position (PPP), or else a mixture of both. The model has emerged as a result of a five-year study and has found various applications, in particular, in the field of behavioural finance. According to this model, consumers of financial products tend to position themselves as either predators or prey. In the latter case, this causes them to judge the relationship in negative terms and to experience it as less rewarding, if not punishing altogether. This has two effects: first, perceived predation tends to gain in power and second, purchasing decisions may not be optimal. Results from an exploratory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed at generating prey positions in minimal stress conditions are presented; they show that there is a significant difference between at least two prey positions, labelled "known predator-prey position" (KPPP) and "unknown predator-prey position" (UPPP). This means that consumers of financial products could potentially face two levels of apprehension (perceived predation): a high one under uncertainty and a lower one when conditions are volatile.

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Fear Thou Not: Activity of Frontal and Temporal Circuits in Moments of Real-Life Courage

Cited by 88 publications

References 52 publications

Predicting Aversive Events and Terminating Fear in the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Trace Fear Conditioning

Predicting Aversive Events and Terminating Fear in the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Trace Fear Conditioning

Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Blocking Effect in Aversive Learning

Prey positions as consumers' behavioural patterns: Exploratory evidence from anfMRI study

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