Fear selectively modulates visual mental imagery and visual perception

Kosslyn, Stephen M.

doi:10.1080/17470211003602420

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…As can be seen in our contrast sensitivity function (Figure 2C), emotional arousal increases contrast sensitivity at relatively low spatial frequency ranges but reduces it at high ranges. Thus, the current findings offers further support not only for Phelps et al's (2006) study that showed emotion-induced enhancement in contrast perception with (fixed) low spatial frequency target (2 cpd) across the experiment, but also for Bocanegra and Zeelenberg's (2009b) study that found emotion enhanced sensitivity for low spatial frequency stimuli but impaired it for high spatial frequency stimuli (see also, Borst & Kosslyn, 2010; Song & Keil, 2013). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

How arousal modulates the visual contrast sensitivity function.

Lee¹,

Baek²,

Lü³

et al. 2014

Emotion

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Recent evidence indicates that emotion enhances contrast thresholds in subsequent visual perception (Phelps, Ling, & Carrasco, 2006), and perceptual sensitivity for low-spatial-frequency but not high-spatial-frequency targets (Bocanegra & Zeelenberg, 2009b). However, these studies just report responses to various frequencies at a fixed contrast level or responses to various contrasts at a fixed frequency. In the current study, we measured the full contrast sensitivity function as a function of emotional arousal in order to investigate potential interactions between spatial frequency and contrast. We used a Bayesian adaptive inference with a trial-to-trial information gain strategy (Lesmes, Lu, Baek, & Albright, 2010) and a fear-conditioned stimulus to manipulate arousal level. The spatial frequency at which people showed peak contrast sensitivity shifted to lower spatial frequencies in the arousing condition compared with the non-arousing condition and people had greater contrast sensitivity function bandwidth in the arousing than in the non-arousing condition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

How arousal modulates the visual contrast sensitivity function.

Lee¹,

Baek²,

Lü³

et al. 2014

Emotion

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“…Although audible and haptic cues are referenced in text, no auditory or haptic stimuli are experienced. That said, TPL may evoke imagery of represented gestures, sounds, or facial expressions, which can make the message more concrete and realistic (Borst & Kosslyn, 2010).…”

Section: In‐person Nonverbal Communication and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Textual paralanguage and its implications for marketing communications

2016

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Both face‐to‐face communication and communication in online environments convey information beyond the actual verbal message. In a traditional face‐to‐face conversation, paralanguage, or the ancillary meaning‐ and emotion‐laden aspects of speech that are not actual verbal prose, gives contextual information that allows interactors to more appropriately understand the message being conveyed. In this paper, we conceptualize textual paralanguage (TPL), which we define as written manifestations of nonverbal audible, tactile, and visual elements that supplement or replace written language and that can be expressed through words, symbols, images, punctuation, demarcations, or any combination of these elements. We develop a typology of textual paralanguage using data from Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. We present a conceptual framework of antecedents and consequences of brands' use of textual paralanguage. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

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“…On one side, some patients report difficulties when asked to imagine the feared situation; furthermore, emotions have been shown to modulate visual imagery and perception [10], impairing visualization of detailed scenes. On the other side in vivo exposure is not fully under the control of the therapist and requires a high effort in terms of money and time expenditure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is virtual reality always an effective stressors for exposure treatments? some insights from a controlled trial

et al. 2013

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BackgroundSeveral research studies investigating the effectiveness of the different treatments have demonstrated that exposure-based therapies are more suitable and effective than others for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Traditionally, exposure may be achieved in two manners: in vivo, with direct contact to the stimulus, or by imagery, in the person’s imagination. However, despite its effectiveness, both types of exposure present some limitations that supported the use of Virtual Reality (VR). But is VR always an effective stressor? Are the technological breakdowns that may appear during such an experience a possible risk for its effectiveness?MethodsTo answer these questions we compared changes following the exposure to an academic examination, one of the most universal examples of real-life stressors, in a sample of 39 undergraduate students. The same experience was offered using text (TX), audio (AU), video (VD), and VR. However, in the virtual environment we manipulated the experience introducing technological breakdowns. The Post Media Questionnaire (PMQ) and the Slater-Usoh-Steed Presence Questionnaire (SUS) were administered to each participant in order to evaluated self-report measures of anxiety and relaxation and the level of presence experience during media exposure. Electrocardiogram (ECG), Thoracic Respiration Signal (RSP) and Facial corrugator supercilii muscle Electromyography (EMG) were recorded in order to obtain objective measures of subjects’ emotional state.ResultsAnalyses conducted on PMQ showed a significant increase in anxiety scores and a mirror decrease in relax scores after all our emotional procedures, showing that all the condition were effective in inducing a negative emotional response. Psychometric scores and psychophysiological indexes showed that VR was less effective than other procedures in eliciting stress responses. Moreover, we did not observe significative difference in SUS scores: VR induced a sense of presence similar to that experienced during the exposition to other media.ConclusionsTechnological breakdowns significantly reduce the possibility of VR eliciting emotions related to complex real-life stressors. Without a high sense of presence, the significant advantages offered by VR disappear and its emotional induction abilities are even lower than the ones provided by much cheaper media.Trial registrationTrial registration number: NCT01683617

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Fear selectively modulates visual mental imagery and visual perception

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

How arousal modulates the visual contrast sensitivity function.

How arousal modulates the visual contrast sensitivity function.

Textual paralanguage and its implications for marketing communications

Is virtual reality always an effective stressors for exposure treatments? some insights from a controlled trial

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