Fear of crime among citizens of Turkey

Fear of Crime in South Korea

“…First, the surveys were administered to a non-probability sample of college students and it is possible that the youthful composition of the sample shaped the findings. Although there is no consensus in the literature as to the relationship between age and fear of crime -some studies suggest fear increases with age (Toseland 1982), some suggest age has no impact on fear of crime (Eitle and Taylor 2008), and some suggest fear of crime decreases with age (Karakus, McGarrell and Basibuyuk 2010) -it is conceivable that the youth of the respondents affected the present findings. With respect to fear of crime in an East Asian context, Zhang and colleagues' (2009) analyses of data from China showed that younger people were more fearful of crime than were older persons.…”

“…To be afraid of crime is to be feminine (Madriz 1997;Stanko 1989). This fear may be affected by a number of socially constructed perceptions of danger -one common explanation for gender differences in fear of crime is that women's fear of crime is enhanced by the thought that any form of personal victimization could escalate into a sexual assault (Ferraro 1996;Karakus, McGarrell 2013; Pryor and Hughes 2013;Young 1992) -but at the core of such fear are patriarchal power structures (Madriz 1997;Stanko 1989Stanko , 1995.…”

“…The tendency for crime-associated trepidation among women to be greater than that among men has been documented in numerous nations, inclusive of: Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010), Botswana (Johnson 2006), Canada (Alvi et al 2001;Weinrath and Gartrell 1996), China Zhang et al 2009), England (Gray, Jackson andFarrall 2011), Ghana (Adu-Mireku 2002), Greece (Tseloni and Zarafonitou 2008), Iceland (Kristjansson 2007), India (Chockalingam and Srinivasan 2009), Japan (Chockalingam and Srinivasan 2009), Mexico (Vilalta 2011(Vilalta , 2012, Scotland (Kristjansson 2007), Sweden (Özacilar 2013;Smith and Torstensson 1997), Turkey (Karakus, McGarrell and Basibuyuk 2010), and the United States (Clemente and Kleiman 1977;Eitle and Taylor 2008;Haynie 1998;Lane, Gover and Dahod 2009). One prior study conducted in South Korea (Lee 1997) also suggested fear of crime was problematic among women, but the study focused exclusively on women and did not contain an analysis of gendered variation in fear.…”

“…As for perceived risk of victimization, respondents were asked if they were concerned about their safety when away from home during the day and if they were concerned about their safety when away from home at night. Such measures of anxiety about crime have been previously used in studies conducted on several different continents (Kanan and Pruitt 2002;Karakus, McGarrell and Basibuyuk 2010;Kristjansson 2007), including Asia Zhong 2010).…”

“…Additionally, the only independent variables included in the present analyses were gender and victimization. Based on research which showed concerns about crime may be impacted by variables other than gender and victimization, variables such as age and neighborhood conditions (Eitle and Taylor 2008;Karakus, McGarrell and Basibuyuk 2010), it is probable that concerns about crime in South Korea are affected by variables other than gender and victimization. Finally, there is the fact that fear of crime is a complex phenomenon and quantitative studies, such as the present study, fail to capture the emotional and psychological experiences of fear.…”