“…In negative PUTW studies, scholars have primarily discussed deterrence-based policies for curbing PUTW, such as internet monitoring and sanctions. Although some of the findings are mixed (Chen et al, 2008;Rahimnia & Mazidi, 2015;Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, 2006), these studies have generally found that monitoring and sanctions are useful for mitigating PUTW (Glassman et al, 2015;Henle et al, 2009;Shepherd et al, 2014;Ugrin & Pearson, 2013Urbaczewski & Jessup, 2002;Wang et al, 2013), especially when internet monitoring and sanctions are combined together (Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara & Olivares-Mesa, 2010). Deterrence-based policies can curb PUTW because monitoring and sanctions can increase employees' perceived risk of engaging in PUTW.…”