Fear expression is suppressed by tyrosine administration

Soranzo, Alessandro; Aquili, Luca

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52610-x

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Participants did not receive any financial compensation. Exclusion criteria were similar to previous studies from our research group [12,15,22,37]. Participants were excluded from the study if they had any cardiac, hepatic, renal, and neurological disorders; A history of alcohol/drug addiction; psychiatric illness; or a history of taking tyrosine or GABA supplements.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABA Supplementation Negatively Affects Cognitive Flexibility Independent of Tyrosine

Lim

Aquili

2021

JCM

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Increasing evidence, particularly from animal studies, suggests that dopamine and GABA are important modulators of cognitive flexibility. In humans, increasing dopamine synthesis through its precursor tyrosine has been shown to result in performance improvements, but few studies have reported the effects of GABA supplementation in healthy participants. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized experiment to test the interactive effects of tyrosine and GABA administration on two measures of cognitive flexibility, response inhibition and task switching. A total of 48 healthy volunteers were split into four groups (placebo, tyrosine alone, GABA alone, and tyrosine and GABA combined). They completed cognitive flexibility tasks at baseline and after drug administration. We found that tyrosine alone had no impact on the measures of cognitive flexibility, whereas GABA alone and in combination with tyrosine worsened task switching. Our results provide preliminary evidence that putative increases in GABA and dopamine synthesis do not interact to affect cognitive flexibility performance.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABA Supplementation Negatively Affects Cognitive Flexibility Independent of Tyrosine

Lim

Aquili

2021

JCM

Self Cite

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“…Diazepam, which was used as the positive control in this study, formed hydrophobic interactions with Tyr50, Glu53, and Asp102 within the target receptor. Since tyrosine is a precursor for dopamine, noradrenaline, and epinephrine, these neurotransmitters are thought to be involved in fear suppression [ 35 ]. However, lysine also exhibited a reduction of anxiety in humans [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deeper Insights on Cnesmone javanica Blume Leaves Extract: Chemical Profiles, Biological Attributes, Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Obaidullah

Alanazi

Alsaif

et al. 2021

Plants

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This study assessed the anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of a methanol leaves extract of Cnesmone javanica (CV) in Swiss albino mice. The study found a significant increase in the percentage of time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus maze and in the incidence of head dipping in hole-board tests following the administration of 400 mg/kg of CV or 1 mg/kg diazepam. Moreover, a significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent reduction was observed in the immobility time following CV (200 and 400 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) administration for forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis identified 62 compounds in CV, consisting primarily of phenols, terpenoids, esters, and other organic compounds. A molecular docking study was performed to assess the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of 45 selected compounds against human serotonin transporter and potassium channels receptors. Network pharmacology was performed to predict the pathways involved in these neuropharmacological effects. Overall, CV demonstrated significant and dose-dependent anxiolytic and antidepressant effects due to the presence of several bioactive phytoconstituents, which should be further explored using more advanced and in-depth mechanistic research.

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“…Importantly, the loss of TH in the mice basolateral amygdala induces anxiety-like behaviour 17 whereas in humans, increasing catecholamine levels (via tyrosine administration) before fear conditioning reduces fear expression 84 . Actually, tyrosine itself did not reduce anxiety, but rather, it weakened the responses of fear expression 84 . On the other hand, studies in mice with DAT knockout demonstrate that reduced DAT levels, which is one of the most important proteins engaged in dopaminergic tone regulation 85 , correlate with intensified turnover of DA and increased DA content in the synaptic cleft 86 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the DAT content in the amygdala of these patients positively correlated with the severity of www.nature.com/scientificreports/ symptoms 18 . Importantly, the loss of TH in the mice basolateral amygdala induces anxiety-like behaviour 17 whereas in humans, increasing catecholamine levels (via tyrosine administration) before fear conditioning reduces fear expression 84 . Actually, tyrosine itself did not reduce anxiety, but rather, it weakened the responses of fear expression 84 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulation of the amygdala is altered in female mice with oestrogen receptor β deprivation

Kalinowski

Bogus‐Nowakowska

Kozłowska

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The amygdala is modulated by dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, and this modulation is altered in mood disorders. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the presence/absence of quantitative alterations in the expression of main dopaminergic and cholinergic markers in the amygdala of mice with oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) knock-out which exhibit increased anxiety, using immunohistochemistry and quantitative methods. Such alterations could either contribute to increased anxiety or be a compensatory mechanism for reducing anxiety. The results show that among dopaminergic markers, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine D2-like receptor (DA2) is significantly elevated in the amygdala of mice with ERβ deprivation when compared to matched controls, whereas the content of dopamine D1-like receptor (DA1) is not altered by ERβ knock-out. In the case of cholinergic markers, muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (AChRM1) and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChRα7) display overexpression while the content of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) remains unchanged. In conclusion, in the amygdala of ERβ knock-out female the dopaminergic and cholinergic signalling is altered, however, to determine the exact role of ERβ in the anxiety-related behaviour further studies are required.

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Fear expression is suppressed by tyrosine administration

Cited by 6 publications

References 70 publications

GABA Supplementation Negatively Affects Cognitive Flexibility Independent of Tyrosine

GABA Supplementation Negatively Affects Cognitive Flexibility Independent of Tyrosine

Deeper Insights on Cnesmone javanica Blume Leaves Extract: Chemical Profiles, Biological Attributes, Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulation of the amygdala is altered in female mice with oestrogen receptor β deprivation

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