“…Nevertheless, renewable energy resources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal are interrupted by various climatic and natural factors; thus, grid-scale energy is a vital underpinning for the continued development of large-scale energy storage techniques, and secondary batteries are an indispensable choice for achieving this [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Since their successful commercialization in the 1980s, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the energy market and have been employed in various applications, from portable electronics to grid-scale energy storage systems [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Nevertheless, the growth of the LIB technology has been limited owing to its safety issues, limited Li supplies, and high intrinsic prices [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”