“…Several studies have developed production functions adapted using different types of variables, such as labor productivity (Feng et al, 2018;Sarbu, 2017), sustainability (Liu et al, 2016;Wei et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020;Chen & Golley, 2014;Husniah &Supriatna, 2016), knowledge proxies (Bhattacharya et al, 2021;Lenox and King, 2004;Hidalgo and Hausmann 2009;Elmawazini, 2014 ), and energy (Mirza et al, 2021;Olley and Pakes, 1996;Levinsohn and Petrin, 2003;Wooldridge, 2009;Ackerberg, Caves and Frazer, 2015).…”