This paper examines the impact of disturbance factors -flooding and desiccation -on the distribution of water mites in the riparian springs situated in the valley of a small lowland river, the Krąpiel. The landscape factors and physicochemical parameters of the water were analysed in order to gain an understanding of the pattern of water mite assemblages in the riparian springs. Three limnological types of springs were examined (helocrenes, limnocrenes and rheocrenes) along the whole course of the river and a total of 35 water mite species were found. Our study shows that flooding influences spring assemblages, causing a decrease in crenobiontic water mites in flooded springs. The impact of intermittency resulted in a high percentage of species typical of temporary water bodies. Surprisingly, the study revealed the positive impact of the anthropogenic transformation of the river valley: preventing the riparian springs from flooding enhances the diversity of crenobiontic species in non-flooded springs. In the conclusion our study revealed that further conservation strategies for the protection of the riparian springs along large rivers would take into account ongoing climatic changes and the positive impact of the anthropogenic transformation of river valleys. (Di Sabatino et al., 2008). Compared with other biotic groups that inhabit 46 springs, Hydrachnidia include the highest percentage of true crenobiontic species (Smith, 1991; 47 Gerecke et al., 1998;Buczyński et al., 2003;Gerecke & Di Sabatino, 2007). A review of the 48 literature from the last six years (Web of Science Database, Core Collection, 2011-2016 topic 49 'Hydrachnidia') shows that just only six of the 132 published papers were devoted to research on 50 water mites in spring ecosystems (Bottazzi et al., 2011;Goldschmidt & Melzer, 2011; Stoch et 51 al., 2011;Cantonati et al., 2012;Martin & Brunke, 2012;Pešić et al. 2016)
52Little research has been done on the impact of disturbance factors such as flooding and 53 intermittence on spring assemblages. Von Fumetti & Nagel (2012) 58 On the other hand, some studies have shown that the water mite composition inhabiting 59 intermittent springs differs from those assemblages that inhabit perennial springs (Smith, Wood 60 & Gunn, 2003;Wood et al., 2005). To date, the influence of neither of these disturbance factors 61 on water mite assemblages in riparian springs along a lowland river has been studied. Those 62 water mite species typical of springs have a susceptible dispersal ability, and therefore the 63 damaged fauna recovers very slowly (Gerecke, Martin & Gledhill, 2017). The presence in the 64 flooded spring of this type of fauna indicates one benefit of the impact of spring waters over 65 flood waters.
66Water mites are also a very useful, though neglected, group of animals with bioindication 67 properties (Więcek, Martin & Lipiński, 2013;Goldschmidt, 2016). They can be used both as 68 bioindicators of the habitat structure of reservoirs and their trophes and pollution (Kowalik & 69 Biesiad...