Fault zone restrengthening and frictional healing: The role of pressure solution

Abstract

[1] Laboratory and field observations note the significant role of strength recovery (healing) on faults during interseismic periods and implicate pressure solution as a plausible mechanism. Plausible rates for pressure solution to activate, and the magnitudes of ultimate strength gain, are examined through slide-hold-slide experiments using simulated quartz gouge. Experiments are conducted on fine-grained (110 mm) granular silica gouge, saturated with deionized water, confined under constant normal stress of 5 MPa and at modest temperatures of 20 and 65°C, and sheared at a maximum rate of 20 mm/s. Data at 20°C show a log linear relation between strength gain and the duration of holding periods, whereas the higher temperature observations indicate higher healing rates than the log linear dependencies; these are apparent for hold times greater than $1000 s. This behavior is attributed to the growth and welding of grain contact areas, mediated by pressure solution. The physical dependencies of this behavior are investigated through a mechanistic model incorporating the serial processes of grain contact dissolution, grain boundary diffusion, and precipitation at the rim of contacts. We use the model to predict strength gain for arbitrary conditions of mean stress, fluid pressure, and temperature. The strength gain predicted under the experimental conditions (s eff = 5 MPa and T = 65°C) underestimates experimental measurements for hold periods of less than $1000 s where other frictional mechanisms contribute to strength gain. Beyond this threshold, laboratory observations resemble the trend in the prediction by our mechanistic model, implicating that pressure solution is likely the dominant mechanism for strength gain. The model is applied to the long-term prediction of healing behavior in quartzite fault zones. Predictions show that both rates and magnitudes of gain in contact area increase with an increase in applied stresses and temperatures and that fault healing aided by pressure solution should reach completion within recurrence interval durations ranging from <1 to $10 4 years, depending on applied stresses, temperatures, and reaction rates.

Seismic velocity variations on the San Andreas fault caused by the 2004 M6 Parkfield Earthquake and their implications

“…Marone et al, 1995;Massonnet et al, 1996;Li et al, 1998;Yasuhara et al, 2005). The origin of the spatial and temporal variability in the fault zone properties also remains a major mystery.…”

Mechanical and physical behavior of high-porosity chalks exposed to chemical perturbation

“…It is a major mechanism in the pressure solution processes, which have been welldocumented in describing sedimentary and fault rock deformation (Durney, 1972;Rutter, 1983;Tada and Siever, 1989;Yasuhara et al, 2005), porosity-permeability evolution (Bjørkum and Nadeau, 1998;Ehrenberg et al, 2006), and development of stylolites in carbonate reservoir (Renard et al, 2004;Laronne Ben-Itzhak et al, 2012). One of the important implications of these processes is the formation of different pressure regimes in North Sea central graben, which impacts fluid pressure release and build-up (Swarbrick and Osborne, 1998).…”

Generic principles of crack-healing ceramics

“…Ceramics able to heal cracks (often denoted as (self-)repair or (self-)healing materials) are inspired by geological systems in which pressure solution and frictional healing triggers fault zone strengthening [6] as well as by biological systems in which damage triggers an autonomic healing response [1]. This new paradigm in materials design has led to several exciting inter-disciplinary approaches involving chemistry, mechanics, and materials processing to successfully incorporate crack healing functionality in non-biological materials [7].…”