Fault Tolerant DHT-Based Routing in MANET

Abstract

In Distributed Hash Table (DHT)-based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), a logical structured network (i.e., follows a tree, ring, chord, 3D, etc., structure) is built over the ad hoc physical topology in a distributed manner. The logical structures guide routing processes and eliminate flooding at the control and the data plans, thus making the system scalable. However, limited radio range, mobility, and lack of infrastructure introduce frequent and unpredictable changes to network topology, i.e., connectivity/dis-connectivity, node/link failure, network partition, and frequent merging. Moreover, every single change in the physical topology has an associated impact on the logical structured network and results in unevenly distributed and disrupted logical structures. This completely halts communication in the logical network, even physically connected nodes would not remain reachable due to disrupted logical structure, and unavailability of index information maintained at anchor nodes (ANs) in DHT networks. Therefore, distributed solutions are needed to tolerate faults in the logical network and provide end-to-end connectivity in such an adversarial environment. This paper defines the scope of the problem in the context of DHT networks and contributes a Fault-Tolerant DHT-based routing protocol (FTDN). FTDN, using a cross-layer design approach, investigates network dynamics in the physical network and adaptively makes arrangements to tolerate faults in the logically structured DHT network. In particular, FTDN ensures network availability (i.e., maintains connected and evenly distributed logical structures and ensures access to index information) in the face of failures and significantly improves performance. Analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.

DT-RRNS: Routing Protocol Design for Secure and Reliable Distributed Smart Sensors Communication Systems

“…The reliability of a set of routes depends on the reliability of all constructed routes as follows [ 3 ]: where —reliability of a single route , which is the product of the availability of each of the connections between the nodes and at a certain point in time .…”

“…Let us consider the main hardware components of the smart city network. It consists of many elements, including video surveillance, emergency call systems, biometric systems, city and banking services, intelligent transport, and IoT solutions (Radio Frequency Identification [ 2 , 3 ], sensors for measuring temperature, humidity, illumination, pressure, etc.). Smart sensor networks play a substantial role in IoT.…”

“…Their components include sensing, data collection, heterogeneous connectivity, data processing, etc. [ 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

“…Large-scale data sharing in a distributed environment is fraught with data security and privacy issues, as data being compromised can harm people and the entire system. Another important aspect is reliability [ 3 ]. Failures can delay the response of emergency systems, medical, and rescue services.…”

Optimization of Manets Using Aomdv With Novel Aging Multi Population Strategy for Effectual Energy Utilization

“…𝐷(𝐨 𝑖 , 𝐳 𝑘 )between an object's center and the kth cluster's (Ck) center is shown. Even K=2 is NPhard [34]. The traditional K-means method and its various variations were regularly shown to be susceptible to being caught in a local optimum.…”