“…Recently, quantum filtering theory has been successfully applied in experimental designs such as trapped ions (Hume et al, 2007), cavity QED systems (Sayrin et al, 2011), and optomechanical systems (Wieczorek et al, 2015). In practice, physical quantum systems are unavoidably affected by classical signals (Ralph et al, 2011;Wang and Dong, 2016), and a number of researchers are becoming interested in the filtering problem for 'hybrid' quantum-classical systems where the quantum systems are subject to a classical process. Relevant results can be found in e.g., Tsang's work on quantum smooth-⋆ This work was supported by the Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects funding scheme under Project DP130101658 and Laureate Fellowship FL110100020.…”