Fault detection and location in power distribution systems: The usefulness of the HS-OFDM scheme for time-domain reflectometry

Distribution Network Regionalized Fault Location Based on an Improved Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm

“…. , x k ) is a point in the K dimensional space, the inverse point expression of point P is shown in Equation (11).…”

“…In the field of distribution network fault location, scholars at home and abroad have proposed various methods such as fault routing, fault ranging and fault zone location [5]. Among them, the fault ranging method mainly includes the injection method [6,7], the impedance method [8][9][10] and the traveling wave method [11][12][13][14]. Fault zone location methods mainly include the zero sequence current comparison method [15,16], the harmonic component method [17,18], the medium resistance method [19,20], the matrix method [21][22][23][24] and the artificial intelligence method [25][26][27][28][29].…”