Fatty liver‐induced changes in stereotypic behavior in rats and effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog on stereotypy

Abstract

Although understanding the relation between psychotic behavior and immune abnormalities has been the focus of research for many years, it remains to be elucidated whether the changes in cytokine levels are part of etiology or a result of the stress associated with the disorder. In accordance with previous studies on changes in cytokine levels due to metabolic changes and psychosis, we hypothesized that fatty liver may potentiate apomorphine-induced stereotypy in a rodent model and that a synthetic glucagon-like peptide-1 analog exenatide would ameliorate this effect. In this study, 18 male Sprague Dawley albino mature rats were used. We induced hepatosteatosis in these rats by feeding them with 30% fructose dissolved in drinking water for 8 weeks. The animals were divided into three groups, namely, the normal group, the intracerebroventricular (ICV) exenatide group, and the ICV NaCl group. Apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior test was performed in all groups and the liver was removed for histopathological examination after all the rats were euthanized. In the nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) group, stereotypy scores were significantly increased compared with the control group rats (p < 0.00001). A significant decrease in stereotypy scores were observed in the ICV exenatide group with NAFL when compared with the ICV saline group with NAFL (p < 0.005). In addition, brain malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α levels decreased in the ICV exenatide group. The results of this study showed that fatty liver enhances the effect of apomorphine on stereotypy, which was reversed by exenatide possibly by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Study of the Effects of Diazinon on Fetal Liver in BALB/c Mice

“…Their results are in agreement with our findings about fetal liver tissue. Since the liver is one of the most complex and vital organs and its primary function is detoxification of absorbed substances from the digestive system before their distribution into the systemic circulatory system ( 26 ), Diazinon’s in vitro and in vivo degradation rate of metabolites in the liver requires further research ( 27 ). The exposure to OPCs during pregnancy is an important factor because it affects two organisms - the mother and the fetus ( 28 - 30 ).…”

Neuroprotective Properties of Peptides

“…In the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism, schizophrenia, and other diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma, GLP-1 and GLP-1R have demonstrated remarkable neuroprotective effectiveness [3,[46][47][48][49][50].…”