Fatty acids profile of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): Influence of feeding substrate based on coffee-waste silverskin enriched with microalgae

Truzzi, Cristina; Giorgini, Elisabetta; Annibaldi, Anna; Antonucci, Matteo; Illuminati, Silvia; Scarponi, Giuseppe; Riolo, Paola; Isidoro, Nunzio; Conti, Carla; Zarantoniello, Matteo; Cipriani, Renato; Olivotto, Ike

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114309

Cited by 69 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The fatty acid profile of BSF-CF showed high level of SFAs (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) followed by MUFAs ((Z)-C16:1n9 and (Z)-C18:1n9) and about fifteen percent of PUFAs (principally (Z,Z)-C18:2n6) in line with other studies 8,[12][13][14][15] (Fig. 1a, Table S1 for details).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

Hoc

Genva

Fauconnier

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Although increasingly targeted in animal nutrition, black soldier fly larvae or prepupae (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758) require the characterization and modulation of their fatty acid profile to become fully integrated within the feed sector. This improvement will only be possible by the understanding of underlaying biochemical pathways of fatty acid synthesis in BSF. In this study, we hypothesized a labelling of de novo synthesized fatty acids in BSF by the incorporation of deuterated water (D 2 O) in their feed. Three batches of fifty larvae were reared on two diets with different polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles moistened with 40% of H 2 O or D 2 O: chicken feed or 40% of chicken feed and 60% of flax cake. Although the occurrence of D 2 O in insect feed increased the larval development time and decreased prepupal weight, it was possible to track the biosynthesis of fatty acids through deuterium labelling. Some fatty acids (decanoic, lauric or myristic acid) were exclusively present in their deuterated form while others (palmitic, palmitoleic or oleic acid) were found in two forms (deuterated or not) indicating that BSF can partially produce these fatty acids via biosynthesis pathways and not only by bioaccumulation from the diet. These results suggest the importance of carbohydrates as a source of acetyl-CoA in the constitution of the BSF fatty acid profile but also the potential importance of specific enzymes (e.g. thioesterase II or Δ12 fat2 desaturase) in BSF fatty acid metabolism. Finally, nearly no deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in BSF fed with deuterium confirming that BSF is not able to produce these types of fatty acids. Despite the high levels of linolenic acid in flax-enriched diets, BSF will simply bioaccumulate around 13% of this fatty acid and will metabolize approximately two-thirds of it into saturated fatty acids as lauric or myristic acid. Insects are increasingly identified as an environmentally sustainable source of proteins and lipids for food and feed but also for pharmaceutical or biodiesel applications 1-3. While yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L. 1758) appears to be the preferred model in human nutrition for environmental, nutritional and acceptability considerations 4-6 , larvae or prepupae of black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758) emerges by their ability to develop rapidly and extensively on a wide range of decomposing material for the feed sector 7-9. Although possessing unquestionable nutritional qualities 9,10 , the incorporation of BSF into animal feed is still limited by several factors including their high lipid content (till approximately 40%) and their unbalanced fatty acid profile 10,11. As BSF fatty acid profile is known to be related with the one of their diet, several experiments have tried to manipulate their fatty acid profile with enriched feed formulation 8,12-14. By analysing the fatty acid profiles in BSF fed with different diets, it appeared that BSF larvae contain a high level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs, lauric acid...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

Hoc

Genva

Fauconnier

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…or Isochrysis sp. [36]. In this sense, the lack of PUFAs in the insect biomass was bypassed, satisfying at the meantime the EU regulation 2017/893 [35] that imposes the use of "products of non-animal origin" for culturing insects intended for feed production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…(Sommacampagna, VR, Italy) and stored at 4 • C. Growth substrates were formulated as follows; control substrate E, 100% coffe silverskin (CS); substrates As, Bs, Cs, and Ds: CS added with 5%, 10%, 20%, and 25% of Schyzochytrium sp., respectively; substrates Ai, Bi, Ci, and Di: CS added with 5%, 10%, 20%, and 25% Isochrysis sp., respectively. Water was added to all the substrates, to reach an optimal moisture close to 70% [10], as reported in Truzzi et al (2020) [36]. Microalgae and growth substrates samples were stored at −20 • C for PTEs determination.…”

Section: Insect Growth Substrate Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Chemically Safe Way to Produce Insect Biomass for Possible Application in Feed and Food Production

Truzzi

Annibaldi

Girolametti

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI, Diptera, Stratiomydae) has great potential as a food and feed ingredient in the European Union (EU). The production of insects as livestock feed or as food ingredients requires strict monitoring of the content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the growth substrate, to meet the security requirements. This study aims to investigate the presence of PTEs, like cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and nickel, in HI prepupae and in their growth substrates based on coffee roasting by-product and microalgae Schizochytrium sp. and Isochrysis sp. Analyses were carried out via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Cd, Pb, Ni, and As, and via Direct Mercury Analyzer for Hg. All element concentrations found in growth substrates were below the legal limit of undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC). Elements concentrations in HI prepupae were in the range (mg kg−1 wet weight) of 0.072 to 0.084 for Cd, 0.018 to 0.026 for Pb, 0.010 to 0.032 for Hg, 0.036 to 0.047 for As, and 0.18 to 0.76 for Ni. Even if HI prepupae accumulated Cd, Pb, and Hg, our results indicated that the risk of exposure to PTEs from HI prepupae consumption is relatively low and in compliance with EU regulations.

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“…At this regard, BSF larvae fatty acid composition can be modified by the growth substrate 6 . Specifically, Truzzi et al (2020) 9 and Zarantoniello et al (2020) 19 demonstrated that culturing BSF larvae on an organic substrate enriched with 10% Schizochytrium sp. significantly increased insects' PUFAs content.…”

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confidence: 99%

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) physiological and behavioural responses to insect-based diets: a multidisciplinary approach

Zarantoniello

Randazzo

Gioacchini

et al. 2020

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Black Soldier Fly (BSF) meal is considered as an alternative, emerging and sustainable ingredient for aquafeed production. However, results on fish physiological responses are still fragmentary and often controversial, while no studies are available on fish behavior in response to these new diets. The present work represents the first comprehensive multidisciplinary study aimed to investigate zebrafish physiological and behavioural responses to BSF-based diets. Five experimental diets characterized by increasing inclusion levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respect to fish meal) of full fat BSF prepupae meal were tested during a 2-months feeding trial. Prepupae were cultured on coffee silverskin growth substrate enriched with a 10% Schizochytrium sp. to improve insects' fatty acids profile. The responses of zebrafish were assayed through biometric, histological, gas chromatographic, microbiological, spectroscopic, molecular and behavioural analyses. Results evidenced that BSF-based diets affected fish fatty acid composition, while behavioural tests did not show differences among groups. Specifically, a 50% BSF inclusion level diet represented the best compromise between ingredient sustainability and proper fish growth and welfare. Fish fed with higher BSF inclusions (75 and 100%) showed hepatic steatosis, microbiota modification, higher lipid content, fatty acid modification and higher expression of immune response markers. The promotion of high-quality fish production as well as fish welfare are the main aquaculture goals, both strictly related to an adequate fish nutrition 1. The use of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in aquafeed formulation is no more feasible because of important environmental and economic issues 2. Over the last decades, several alternative ingredients (plant origin proteins, microalgae and processed animal proteins) to FM and FO have been tested 3. However, each of these ingredients showed some disadvantages in its application in aquafeed formulation including unbalanced amino acid profile, poor protein digestibility, presence of anti-nutritional factors and high production costs 3,4. Insects are now considered as an alternative and sustainable ingredient for feed production 5. In particular, the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) larvae are one of the most promising candidates because of their proper protein content and the amino acid composition similar to that of FM 6,7. In addition, BSF have low environmental requirements, a high feed conversion efficiency and they can growth on organic by-products, promoting sustainability and the circular economy concept in the aquaculture sector 8,9. Several studies tested different BSF inclusion levels in aquafeed formulation but results on fish physiological responses are still controversial, while behavioural effects on fish are completely missing 10-13. The use of BSF in aquafeed has been shown, at certain inclusion levels,

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Fatty acids profile of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): Influence of feeding substrate based on coffee-waste silverskin enriched with microalgae

Cited by 69 publications

References 55 publications

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

A Chemically Safe Way to Produce Insect Biomass for Possible Application in Feed and Food Production

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) physiological and behavioural responses to insect-based diets: a multidisciplinary approach

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