Fatty acids in colostrum from mothers of children at high risk of atopy in relation to clinical and laboratory signs of allergy in the first year of life

Reichardt, Peter; Müller, D.; Posselt, U.; Vorberg, B.; Diez, Ulrike; Schlink, Uwe; Reuter, W; Borte, Michael

doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2003.00429.x

Cited by 45 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Furthermore, sCD14 tended to be higher in breast milk received by infants with atopic eczema. There are previous studies on record both supporting and conflicting with our data (25)(26)(27)(28). The immunologic functions of fatty acids in allergy are generally seen to be proinflammatory because n-6 fatty acids may result in increased immunoglobulin E production (6), and against this background, n-3 fatty acid supplementations have been initiated (29,30).…”

Section: Serum and Milk Immunomodulatory Factorscontrasting

confidence: 42%

Breast Milk Fatty Acids May Link Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation: Analysis of Soluble CD14, Prostaglandin E2, and Fatty Acids

et al. 2006

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In addition to its role in sensing intraluminal microbial antigens, soluble (s)CD14 may regulate immune responses by its lesser known function as a lipid carrier with possible influences in the production of fatty acid-derived eicosanoids. We investigated the interrelations of fatty acids, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and sCD14 and their role in infant atopic eczema during the first year of life. Serum and breast milk samples from mothers and serum samples from their infants were collected at infant's age 3 mo and analyzed for sCD14 and PGE 2 concentrations and for fatty acid compositions. The main correlation of sCD14 was with arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) (AA). Dihomo-␥-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) (DHGLA) and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids correlated positively and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) and sum of n-3 fatty acid negatively with PGE 2 in mother's serum and linoleic acid (LA) negatively with PGE 2 in breast milk. Soluble CD14 tended to be higher and LA, total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and sum of n-6 fatty acids were lower in breast milk received by infants with atopic eczema compared with those without. These results suggest that fatty acids contribute to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and link intraluminal exposures, mother's diet, and microbes. C haracteristic dietary habits in Western societies have constantly been linked to chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and more recently allergic diseases. The accumulating data point to the early fetal period and infancy as the critical phase (1). Specific dietary compounds, including fatty acids and probiotics, have been exploited in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions, the effects ensuing through their immunomodulatory properties (2). For the infant, the effects are drawn together by outstanding breast milk composition, providing not only nourishment but also signals for the maturation of the adaptive immune responses considered imperative with regard to the risk of diseases (3).Although the major function described for soluble (s)CD14, a pattern recognition receptor, is binding of lipopolysaccharides and thus antimicrobial host defense (4), its binding specificity is not restricted to bacteria. It also binds phospholipids, thus providing a lipid transfer system (5). This innovative function of sCD14 may prove significant, with a potential to modify immune events through phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Both dietary and cellular fatty acids are evidently important immune regulators via their derivative eicosanoids, particularly PGE 2 and consequent cytokine responses, as suggested in allergic disease (6). The concentration of sCD14 in breast milk has been shown to be up to 20-fold higher than in serum (7), thus providing infants with an external source of sCD14 with potential health benefits as previously observed in allergic disease (8). Experimental studies have linked sCD14 to phospholipid transport in blood (5,9) and a positive correlation be...

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Section: Serum and Milk Immunomodulatory Factorscontrasting

confidence: 42%

Breast Milk Fatty Acids May Link Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation: Analysis of Soluble CD14, Prostaglandin E2, and Fatty Acids

et al. 2006

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“…However, atopic sensitization occurs early in life; therefore, perinatal n-3 PUFA exposure may affect immune maturation in infants and the risk of subsequent disease. Several studies indicate that the development of allergies may be associated with breast-milk PUFA (8)(9)(10). FO-supplementation of lactating atopic mothers has been found to reduce the prevalence of wheezing in the child (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Fish oil (FO) supplementation of pregnant women has been shown to affect immune function in the neonate and atopic sensitization during early life (6,7). Some longitudinal studies found that a higher n-3 PUFA content in breast milk was associated with a decreased likelihood of atopy in infants (8)(9)(10), whereas another study found contrasting results (11). Supplementation with n-3 PUFA during lactation has been found to reduce the prevalence of wheezing during the first 18 mon of life (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Fish oil supplementation of lactating mothers affects cytokine production in 2 1/2‐year‐old children

Lauritzen¹,

Kjær

Fruekilde

et al. 2005

Lipids

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n-3 PUFA influence immune functioning and may affect the cytokine phenotype during development. To examine whether maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation could modify later immune responses in children, 122 lactating Danish mothers with a fish intake below the population median were randomized to groups supplemented for the first 4 mon of lactation with 4.5 g/d of fish oil (equivalent to 1.5 g/d of n-3 long-chain PUFA) or olive oil. Fifty-three mothers with a fish intake in the highest quartile of the population were also included. The FA composition of erythrocyte membranes was measured at 4 mon and at 2 1/2 yr. Plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole-blood cultures were determined at 2 1/2 yr. Erythrocyte n-3 PUFA at 4 mon were higher in infants from the fish oil group compared with the olive oil group (P < 0.001) but were no longer different at 2 1/2 yr. The median production of lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in the fish oil group was fourfold higher than that in the olive oil group (P = 0.034), whereas interleukin-10 (IL-10) production was similar. The IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio was twofold higher in the fish oil group (P = 0.019) and was positively correlated with 20:5n-3/20:4n-6 in erythrocytes at 4 mon (P = 0.050). The percentages of atopic children and plasma IgE were not different in the two groups, but the study was not designed to look at atopy. Cytokine responses and erythrocyte FA composition in children of mothers with a high fish intake were intermediate in comparison with those in the randomized groups. Fish oil supplementation during lactation resulted in increased in vitro IFN-gamma production in the children 2 yr after the supplementation was given, which may reflect a faster maturation of the immune system.

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“…This speculation is based on reports correlating types of fatty acids present in breast milk and the development of asthma and atopy (33)(34)(35). The human breast milk is rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially -3 (such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docoexaenoic acid) and -6 fatty acids (for example, ␥-linoleic acid and arachidonic acid), which have immunomodulatory actions (36 -38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Breast Milk in a Mouse Model of Maternal Transmission of Asthma Susceptibility

Leme¹,

Hubeau²,

Xiang³

et al. 2006

The Journal of Immunology

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Epidemiologic data suggest a link between nursing by asthmatic mothers and increased risk of allergy in babies. We sought to experimentally test the potential contribution of breast milk mediator(s) in a mouse model of maternal transmission of asthma risk by evaluating the effect of adoptive nursing on asthma susceptibility in the offspring. We measured airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic airway inflammation (AI) after an intentionally suboptimal OVA Ag sensitization, tested the allergen independence of the maternal effect by using a second allergen, casein, for sensitization of the baby mice, and tested the potential role of cytokines by measuring their levels in breast milk. Offspring of asthmatic, but not normal, mothers showed AHR and AI, indicating a maternal transfer of asthma risk. After adoptive nursing, both groups (litters born to asthmatic mothers and nursed by normal mothers, and normal babies nursed by asthmatic mothers) showed AHR (enhanced pause after methacholine aerosol, 50 mg/ml, 3.7 ± 0.7, 4.2 ± 0.5, respectively, vs 1.1 ± 0.1 normal controls, n = 25, p < 0.01) and AI, seen as eosinophilia on histology and bronchoalveolar lavage (40.7 ± 4.5%, 28.7 ± 3.7%, vs 1.0 ± 0.5% normals, n = 25, p < 0.01) after OVA sensitization. Similar results using casein allergen were observed. Multiplex assays for cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α, and IL-13) in breast milk were negative. Breast milk is sufficient, but not necessary, to mediate allergen-independent maternal transmission of asthma risk to offspring.

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Fatty acids in colostrum from mothers of children at high risk of atopy in relation to clinical and laboratory signs of allergy in the first year of life

Abstract: The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of colostrum in a high risk newborn population shows associations with atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year and may be predictive for later atopic disease.

Cited by 45 publications

References 32 publications

Breast Milk Fatty Acids May Link Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation: Analysis of Soluble CD14, Prostaglandin E2, and Fatty Acids

Breast Milk Fatty Acids May Link Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation: Analysis of Soluble CD14, Prostaglandin E2, and Fatty Acids

Fish oil supplementation of lactating mothers affects cytokine production in 2 1/2‐year‐old children

Role of Breast Milk in a Mouse Model of Maternal Transmission of Asthma Susceptibility

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