Fatty Acids and Other Lipids of Marine Sponges

Rodkina, S. A.

doi:10.1007/s11179-006-0015-3

Cited by 38 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…Later, Grogan et al ( 51,52 ) reported that isolated spermatocytes and spermatids synthesized VLC-PUFA from 14 ( 53 ). Similar studies done in the seminiferous tubules showed active desaturation of 24:4n6 to 24:5n6 and concomitant formation of odd-and even-chain tetraenoic and pentaenoic FA up to C32 ( 17 ).…”

Section: Distribution Abundance and Biosynthesis Of Vlc-pufamentioning

confidence: 84%

“…They are found in most living organisms from humans to autotrophic and heterotrophic lower organisms, including microalgae, sponges, bacteria, and fungi ( 1,9,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). VLC-FA are found mainly in seed oils, plant waxes, cutin, suberin, skin, hair, and wax glands ( 1 ), whereas VLC-PUFA are found primarily in retina, brain ( 1, 16 ), testis, and spermatozoa ( 17-19 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Retinal very long-chain PUFAs: new insights from studies on ELOVL4 protein

Agbaga

Mandal

Anderson

2010

Journal of Lipid Research

146

147

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This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org tively rare compared with the abundance of FA containing 16-22 carbons, they are widely distributed in higher plants and animals ( 1-10 ). They are found in most living organisms from humans to autotrophic and heterotrophic lower organisms, including microalgae, sponges, bacteria, and fungi ( 1,9,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). VLC-FA are found mainly in seed oils, plant waxes, cutin, suberin, skin, hair, and wax glands ( 1 ), whereas VLC-PUFA are found primarily in retina, brain ( 1, 16 ), testis, and spermatozoa ( 17-19 ).The unusually long hydrocarbon chains with 3 -9 double bonds, which are prone to oxidative damage, combined with the small quantities found in mammalian tissues, have made them diffi cult to isolate and analyze in detail over the years ( 9 ). Very little is therefore known about the metabolism and function of VLC-PUFA and VLC-FA in mammals, except for their increase in disorders of peroxisomal function ( 3,16,20,21 ), as components of the secretions of meibomian glands (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), and their reduction in animal models of autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3) ( 28-32 ), a juvenile form of macular degeneration. In contrast, the roles of long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) with carbon chains that range from C18 to C24 are fairly well understood, especially in the retina and other neural tissues. A detailed account on the role and function of LC-PUFA in the retina was reviewed earlier (33)(34)(35)(36).Recent interest in the molecular and physiological roles of VLC-PUFA in the retina came from the fi nding that the gene associated with STGD3 shared sequence homologies with genes involved in FA elongation ( 37,38 ) Abbreviations: AOX, acyl-CoA oxidase; DHA or 22:6n3, docosahexaenoic acid; ELOVL, elongation of very long-chain FA; ELOVL4, elongation of very long-chain FA-4; ERG, electroretinogram; LC-PUFA, long-chain PUFA; PC, phosphatidylcholine; ROS, retinal outer segments; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; STGD1, recessive Stargardt degeneration; STGD3, autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy; VLC-FA, very long-chain saturated or monounsaturated FA; VLC-PUFA, very long-chain PUFA.

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Section: Distribution Abundance and Biosynthesis Of Vlc-pufamentioning

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal very long-chain PUFAs: new insights from studies on ELOVL4 protein

Agbaga

Mandal

Anderson

2010

Journal of Lipid Research

146

147

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“…The lipidome consists of a mixture of fatty acids and sterols, of which sponges are renowned for their diversity and often unique compounds (Erpenbeck & Soest, 2006;Lawson et al, 1984;Rodkina, 2005). Despite this diversity among FA structures in sponges, there are no clear or reliable taxonomic trends (Lawson et al, 1984;Rodríguez et al, 2010); this can in part be attributed to the microbial communities associated with sponges (Rodkina, 2005).…”

Section: Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite this diversity among FA structures in sponges, there are no clear or reliable taxonomic trends (Lawson et al, 1984;Rodríguez et al, 2010); this can in part be attributed to the microbial communities associated with sponges (Rodkina, 2005). I did not want to focus on identifying each compound in the lipid fraction as this is not necessary for modelling the sponge holobiont and performing flux balance analysis.…”

Section: Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven out of twenty-three FAs considered important for biomass production were unknown. Sponges, and their associated bacteria, have been shown to produce extensive modifications including methylation (Rodkina, 2005) and hydroxylation (Carballeira & Lopez, 1989) that would prevent the matching of novel compounds to commercial FA databases. This diversity and high number of unknown compounds highlights the complexity of the A. queenslandica lipidome and the potential for novel compound discovery.…”

Section: Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling sponge-symbiont metabolism

Watson¹

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Marine sponges are increasingly being recognised for their nutrient cycling ecosystem services, linking pelagic nutrients with the benthic ecosystem. Furthermore, sponges are the most prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites in the marine environment. Despite their ecological and commercial value, little is know about the metabolic processes that are responsible. The inability to produce sufficient sponge biomass, and thus specific bioactive compounds, has been repeatedly identified as a major bottleneck towards commercialising sponge holobiont derived drugs. Likewise, nutrient cycling by sponges has been a relatively recent advancement in marine ecology and the scale of this process is unknown. This thesis takes a systems approach to understanding sponge-symbiont metabolic processes by utilising the genomic resources available for the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica and its bacterial symbiont AqS1. Specifically, I undertake genome-scale modelling and metabolic flux analyses to investigate the metabolic networks present in this sponge as well as its associated vertically-transmitted microbial symbiont. The goal of this thesis is to generate the data required for, and subsequently develop, a dual-species genome-scale metabolic model for A. queenslandica and AqS1. This will provide a framework to further our understanding of how sponges produce their biomass while living in an oligotrophic, tropical reef environment.To develop a genome-scale metabolic model, the biochemical composition of the organism must first be determined. Knowledge of the relative quantities of macromolecules and their respective building blocks (e.g. protein and amino acids) is vital, as each requires different substrates, enzymes and cofactors for their synthesis. I adapted and developed methods to characterise the composition and abundance of DNA, RNA, protein, lipids and carbohydrates in a marine sponge. These methods are described in detail that allows them to be easily transferred to other, non-model, large marine organisms. This is followed by a detailed analysis of A. queenslandica's macromolecular, amino acid, fatty acid and sterol composition. The biochemical data from this chapter was used to generate a biomass equation that represent the average composition of adult A. queenslandica in the metabolic model. 3To understand how the metabolic network may work towards producing more biomass, it must be considered in the context of the environmental conditions that naturally constrain growth. The dominant environmental constraint on growth on an oligotrophic reef system is nutrient availability.The abundance of key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, were quantified throughout the course of a year. To investigate effects on the sponge of any changes in nutrient availability, I concurrently sampled sponges and analysed their biochemical composition to the macromolecular level. Chapter 4 presents these data and discusses a number of trends and correlations in the biochemical composition of the sponges with chan...

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