Fatty Acid Profiles in Sunflower Grains During Storage in Different Environments

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid profiles of sunflower oil extracted from hybrid grains produced and stored in different environments. The trials were conducted in Teresina (Piauí), Vilhena (Rondônia), and Jaguariúna (São Paulo) in randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. After harvesting, grains from 1 high oleic and 3 traditional hybrids were packed in kraft paper bags and stored in a covered shed and in a cold chamber up to 12 months. The fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography after 0, 4, 8, and 12 months of storage. Analyses of variance were conducted in a split-plot design, with hybrids being considered as whole plots and storage times as subplots. Tukey's test was performed to compare hybrids and regression analyses for storage times. The initial fatty acid profile of the grains of the same hybrid varied depending on the production location. The grain storage of high oleic and traditional sunflower hybrids during 12 months in covered shed and in cold chamber resulted in little changes in oil fatty acid profiles, regardless of the initial contents. These changes occurred only for linoleic and palmitic acids.

Fatty Acid Profiles of Oil Obtained from Mid‐Oleic Sunflowers Grown in Tropical Region

“…The fatty acid profiles (Tables 2 and 4) of control hybrids Dow M734 (traditional hybrid) and Syn 050A (high-oleic hybrid) were similar to those of the genotypes evaluated by Grunvald et al (2013) and de Carvalho et al (2018) in localities in the tropical region of Brazil, with minimum temperatures similar to those of the present study; these three works confirmed the same behavior. Tables 2 and 4 also include the intervals established by the CODEX STAN 210-1999(Codex, 2018 for fatty acids of oil extracted from these two types of sunflowers.…”

“…The trials were conducted in Londrina, State of Paraná (PR), Campo Novo do Parecis, State of Mato Grosso (MT), and Teresina, State of Piauí (PI). These sites were chosen because they are located in different latitudes with different minimum temperatures during the oil formation phase in the achene (R7-R9), which should produce different fatty acid profiles (de Carvalho et al, 2018;Grunvald et al, 2013;Izquierdo and Aguirrezábal, 2008). The geographic coordinates, mean minimum temperatures of each site during the oil formation phase in the achene, cumulative rainfall, and respective responsible institutions are described in Table 1.…”

“…The experimental plot was composed of four 6.0 m rows with spacing of 0.7 m. The two outer rows of each plot were discarded, as were 0.5 m of each border of the two center rows, resulting in a useful area of 7.0 m 2 . We evaluated six mid-oleic hybrids (MO 1 to MO 6) and two hybrid controls (traditional hybrid Dow M734 and high-oleic hybrid Syn 050A) that were previously evaluated in studies in the tropical region of Brazil (de Carvalho et al, 2018;Grunvald et al, 2013). Sowing was performed manually at a depth of 0.04 m with three seeds per pit, resulting in a uniform population with an expected density of 45,000 plants ha −1 .…”

“…According to the International Codex Alimentarius standards (CODEX STAN 210-1999), the oleic acid content should be between 14.0% and 39.4% in traditional sunflower oil, between 43.1% and 71.8% in midoleic sunflower oil, and between 75.0% and 90.7% in high-oleic sunflower oil (Codex, 2018). The genotype and environmental conditions, particularly the minimum temperature during oil synthesis in the achene, influence the fatty acid profile of the oil (de Carvalho et al, 2018;Grunvald et al, 2013;Harris et al, 1978;Izquierdo and Aguirrezábal, 2008).…”

“…In warmer regions, such as tropical regions, there is a tendency to favor the formation of oil with a higher oleic acid content in detriment of linoleic acid. In Brazilian semiarid and adjacent areas, Grunvald et al (2013) andde Carvalho et al (2018) reported that oil obtained from achenes of traditional genotypes might present an oleic acid content close to 60%, which is a characteristic value of a mid-oleic sunflower. However, no study has determined the fatty acid profiles of mid-oleic genotypes grown in the tropical region of the country and whether they fit the Codex Alimentarius.…”