Fatty acid derivative, chemokine, and cytokine profiles in exhaled breath condensates can differentiate adult and children paucibacillary tuberculosis patients

Abstract

The anti-mycobacterial immune response in adults and children with tuberculosis (TB), as well as the response in bacteriologically positive and negative patients, is different. However, knowledge of the immunological events occurring in the lungs in these clinical situations remains scarce. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples may be useful for studying the inflammatory environment of the lower airways in TB patients. The fatty acid, cytokine, and chemokine profiles in EBC from healthy adults; smear-positive and smear-negative adult patients; and healthy, asthmatic, and TB children were determined using gas chromatography and LUMINEX, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleate, were increased in TB adults and children compared with healthy individuals. Elevated levels of IL-17 were characteristic of paucibacillary patients (adults and children), whereas elevated MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) levels were characteristic of adult patients (smear-positive and smear-negative). The levels of all of the molecules were comparable to the controls after anti-TB treatment, suggesting that changes in the levels of the molecules detected in the EBC samples were the result of the active pulmonary TB. EBC samples may be an important tool for the detection of potential early biomarkers in the different clinical manifestations of pulmonary TB and a useful tool for the diagnosis of TB, particularly in children.

Antibody-Secreting Cells To Diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children in Pakistan

“…Exploration of multiple host proteins as surrogates of TB disease is often used for the immunodiagnosis of TB (10) and monitoring of treatment responses (25). Several exploratory inflammatory (26) and metabolic (27) markers have been used to identify disease signatures among children. Among these, the use of serum biomarkers and CRP alone (28) or in combination with other proteins (24,26) resulted in good accuracy in discriminating TB and monitoring responses after anti-TB treatment (25).…”

Estrategias alternativas para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis: una opción para los pacientes paucibacilares

“…En nuestro grupo de investigación (Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética -GICIG) hemos utilizado otros componentes no volátiles en los exhalados respiratorios recolectados utilizando los denominados «tubos R» (véase figura 9) que han permitido diferenciar, por medio de cromatografía de gases, los pacientes paucibacilares de los pacientes bacilíferos e individuos sanos, con una efectividad del 100%. Entre estos componentes se han encontrado el ácido oleico y la quimioquina CCL-2, lo cual parece ser promisorio para ser usado como un potencial método de diagnóstico [164].…”

“…A partir de cultivos micobacterianos se han detectado y diferenciado cepas de Mycobacterium con base en sus ácidos grasos, los cuales son liberados con hidróxido de potasio en agua-metanol, derivatizados con p-bromofenacil, bicarbonato de sodio y cloroformo y luego inyectados en el cromatógrafo líquido de alta eficacia para su detección [164,[171][172][173]. La HPLC también ha sido usada para la detección de ácido tuberculoesteárico en plasma por Traunmuller y colaboradores (2003) [174], quienes detectaron concentraciones más altas de este componente derivatizado con el reactivo fluorescente hidracida ácida 6,7 dimetoxi-1-metil-2(1H)-quinoxalinona-3-propionilcarboxílico (DMEQ-hidracida) en pacientes con tuberculosis activa, que fue confirmada por cultivo (n=125), en comparación con pacientes con enfermedades pulmonares no tuberculosas (n=116) e individuos sanos (n= 102).…”

Influence of isoniazid on T lymphocytes, cytokines, and macrophages in rats

“…Insufficient number or dysfunction of T lymphocytes and macrophages, and the lack of related cytokines may lead to decreased immunity to Mtb. Therefore, immune status is closely related to the occurrence, development, and therapeutic response to TB (Grover et al, 2014;Mosquera-Restrepo et al, 2017). In recent years, it has been found that some antibacterial drugs not only kill pathogens but also regulate immune function during treatment (Hamilton-Miller, 2001;Schultz, Speelman, van der Poll, 2001;Tauber, Nau, 2008).…”