Fatty acid compositions of 10 freshwater invertebrates which are natural food organisms of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar): a comparison with commercial diets

Bell, J. Gordon; Ghioni, Cristina; Sargent, J. R.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(94)90319-0

Cited by 137 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…These observations in cell lines derived from marine fish are supported by the dietary traits of the marine species with both sea bream and turbot being carnivorous, specifically piscivorous, species with diets consisting almost entirely of smaller fish and as such their natural diets are rich in the long-chain n-3HUFA, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, (5,29,30). In contrast, freshwater salmonids, such as rainbow trout, have diets richer in C 18 PUFA and much lower long-chain HUFA (4,29,31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been hypothesized that this situation may be an evolutionary adaptation to carnivorous diets rich in preformed C 20 and C 22 HUFA. This may be parallelled in fish because, as described above, the diets of the generally more herbivorous/omnivorous freshwater fish are rich in C 18 PUFA and do not contain much C 20 or C 22 HUFA whereas marine fish which are predominantly carnivorous consume diets rich in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 (30,31). Therefore, the differences in the fatty acid desaturase/elongase pathways between fish species may be an evolutionary response to dietary differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid metabolism in marine fish: Low activity of fatty acyl Δ5 desaturation in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) cells

Tocher

Ghioni

1999

Lipids

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138

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Marine fish have an absolute dietary requirement for C20 and C22 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Previous studies using cultured cell lines indicated that underlying this requirement in marine fish was either a deficiency in fatty acyl Δ5 desaturase or C18–20 elongase activity. Recent research in turbot cells found low C18–20 elongase but high Δ5 desaturase activity. In the present study, the fatty acid desaturase/elongase pathway was investigated in a cell line (SAF‐1) from another carnivorous marine fish, sea bream. The metabolic conversions of a range of radiolabeled polyunsaturated fatty acids that comprised the direct substrates for Δ6 desaturase ([1‐14C]18∶2n−6 and [1‐14C]18∶3n−3), C18–20 elongase ([U‐14C]18∶4n−3), Δ5 desaturase ([1‐14C]20∶3n−6 and [1‐14C]20∶5n−3), and C20–22 elongase ([1‐14C]20∶4n−6 and [1‐14C]20∶5n−3) were utilized. The results showed that fatty acyl Δ6 desaturase in SAF‐1 cells was highly active and that C18–20 elongase and C20–22 elongase activities were substantial. A deficiency in the desaturation/elongation pathway was clearly identified at the level of the fatty acyl Δ5 desaturase, which was very low, particularly with 20∶4n−3 as substrate. In comparison, the apparent activities of Δ6 desaturase, C18–20 elongase, and C20–22 elongase were approximately 94‐, 27‐, and 16‐fold greater than that for Δ5 desaturase toward their respective n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates. The evidence obtained in the SAF‐1 cell line is consistent with the dietary requirement for C20 and C22 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the marine fish the sea bream, being primarily due to a deficiency in fatty acid Δ5 desaturase activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid metabolism in marine fish: Low activity of fatty acyl Δ5 desaturation in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) cells

Tocher

Ghioni

1999

Lipids

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138

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“…Recently, we showed that the hepatic desaturation of 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 was significantly greater in Atlantic salmon parr (in freshwater) and post-smolts (in seawater) fed diets containing vegetable oils compared to fish fed diets containing fish oils Tocher et al, 1997Tocher et al, ,2000. In the studies on freshwater parr, the vegetable oil diets contained rapeseed oil, linseed oil, or a blend of the two, formulated to provide high levels of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and only low levels of C 20 and C 22 HUFA, a composition that more closely mimics the fatty acid composition of freshwater aquatic insects that make up the diet of wild salmon parr (Bell et al, 1994). Desaturase activities in salmon, previously fed vegetable oil during the parr stage were reduced to very low levels upon feeding a diet containing fish oil simultaneous with transferring the smolts to seawater Tocher et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of liver in salmonids: effects of dietary vegetable oil

Tocher

Bell

MacGlaughlin

et al. 2001

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

138

106

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Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EFA, essential fatty acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FAF-BSA, fatty acid free bovine serum albumin; FO, fish oil; HBSS, Hanks balanced salt solution; HUFA, highly unsaturated fatty acids acids (carbon chain length ≥ C 20 with ≥ 3 double bonds); PL, polar lipid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; VO, vegetable oil; TLC, thin-layer chromatography. 2 AbstractThe desaturation and elongation of [1-14 C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes from different populations and three different species of salmonids indigenous to Scotland, brown trout, Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr. Two groups of fish were sampled, before and after they were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil and a diet containing vegetable oil (a 1:1 blend of linseed oil and rapeseed oil) for 12 weeks. At each sampling time, fatty acyl desaturation and elongation activity was determined in isolated hepatocytes and samples of liver were also collected for lipid compositional analysis. At the initiation of the dietary trial, the liver polar lipid fatty acid compositions of salmon and brown trout were very similar to each other, and the two charr populations were similar to each other having lower total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 22:6n-3, but higher 20:5n-3 than the other salmonids. Initially, hepatocyte desaturation activity varied with the highest activity in brown trout followed by salmon then charr. Production of 20:5n-3 was particularly high in brown trout. Desaturation of [1-14 C]18:3n-3 was significantly greater in all fish fed the diet containing vegetable oil compared to fish fed the diet containing fish oil. The increase in activity was less in brown trout compared to the other groups of fish. Feeding the vegetable oil diet increased the levels of 18:2n-6, 20:3n-6, total n-6PUFA, 18:3n-3, 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3 and 20:4n-3, and decreased 22:6n-3 and the n-3/n-6 ratio in salmon and brown trout. By contrast, in charr fed the vegetable oil diet, there was no increase in 18:3n-3, 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3 or 20:4n-3 in liver polar lipid and the level of 22:6n-3 was not decreased. In addition, there was only a modest increase in the levels of 18:2n-6 and total n-6PUFA and so the n-3/n-6 ratio was only slightly decreased. The percentage of 20:4n-6, which was not increased in salmon and brown trout fed vegetable oil, was increased in charr fed the vegetable oil diet. Overall, the results indicated that there were significant differences in liver PUFA metabolism between Arctic charr and the other salmonids that could have important consequences, both physiologically and in their ability to be successfully cultured on diets containing vegetable oils.Running title: PUFA composition and desaturation in salmonids.

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“…Moreover, many phytoplankton families [51,52], copepods and rotifers [17,53], and chironomids and oligochaetes [54] are rich sources of LLA, EPA and DHA. It seems that the low levels of the latter fatty acids in AM-diets can be compensated by the consumption of an amount of natural food from the ponds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approximate Compositional Values and Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles of Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> L.) Fed <i>Azolla</i>-Diets in Earthen Ponds

Abou¹,

Fiogbé²,

Beckers

et al. 2011

FNS

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Fatty acid compositions of 10 freshwater invertebrates which are natural food organisms of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar): a comparison with commercial diets

Cited by 137 publications

References 30 publications

Fatty acid metabolism in marine fish: Low activity of fatty acyl Δ5 desaturation in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) cells

Fatty acid metabolism in marine fish: Low activity of fatty acyl Δ5 desaturation in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) cells

Hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of liver in salmonids: effects of dietary vegetable oil

Approximate Compositional Values and Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles of Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> L.) Fed <i>Azolla</i>-Diets in Earthen Ponds

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Fatty acid compositions of 10 freshwater invertebrates which are natural food organisms of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar): a comparison with commercial diets

Cited by 137 publications

References 30 publications

Fatty acid metabolism in marine fish: Low activity of fatty acyl Δ5 desaturation in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) cells

Fatty acid metabolism in marine fish: Low activity of fatty acyl Δ5 desaturation in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) cells

Hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of liver in salmonids: effects of dietary vegetable oil

Approximate Compositional Values and Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles of Nile Tilapia (&lt;i&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/i&gt; L.) Fed &lt;i&gt;Azolla&lt;/i&gt;-Diets in Earthen Ponds

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Approximate Compositional Values and Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles of Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> L.) Fed <i>Azolla</i>-Diets in Earthen Ponds