Fatty acid composition of organic residue on bronze age pottery (Bozshakol, Kazakhstan) by GC–MS after acid methanolysis

Khorkova, A. N.; Danilov, D. A.; Киселева, Д. В.; Dubyagina, E. V.

doi:10.1063/5.0032704

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…To assess the origin of organic residues, we calculated the P/S fatty acid ratio in the studied samples. For experimental modern paint E2, it was 1.72, which corresponds to lard (1.7-1.9), and for the ancient paint sample, it equaled 1.18, which suggests the origin from ruminants, such as bovines (1-1.6) or sheep (1.0-1.3) rather than from animals with single-chambered bellies, e.g., horses (9.4) [11] and pigs [8,9]. The calculated value also differs strongly from the value of fat for wild ruminants: elk (1.48), deer (0.7), and pronghorn (0.7) [12].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Comparative Analysis of the Modern and Ancient Coloring Pigment in the Paintings from the Two-Eyed Stone (Dvuglazyi Kamen’) Pictograph (the Neyva River, the Middle Urals)

et al. 2021

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The results of a comparative analysis of the ancient paint layer of the Two-Eyed Stone (Dvuglazyi Kamen') pictograph (Alapaevsk, the Neyva River) and the experimental painting made at the same place in 1992 using paint prepared in accordance with the supposed ancient technology (grinding a piece of local iron ore with lard) are presented. The studies of mineral and chemical composition are carried out by SEM-EDS and Raman spectroscopy. The results do not preclude the use of local raw materials (hematite from iron ore occurrences of the "Alapaevsk" type) as a coloring pigment by ancient people. The technology of manual grinding of hematite-containing material, both in ancient times and today, has made it possible to obtain a finely dispersed pigment with almost submicron particle sizes. The ancient paint layer is covered with secondary formations, represented by crusts consisting of gypsum and weddellite crystals, in some cases with thin dolomite-magnesite interlayers on gypsum. Possible mechanisms for the gypsum crust formation are proposed. The formation of oxalate crusts (weddellite) may result from biological activity of lichens, whose probable traces are detected in the experimental painting. The traces of fat from domesticated ruminants, most likely ram, which could be added as a binder, in contrast to the experimental paint based on pig fat, were found in the organic component of the ancient paint. Both paint samples contain an admixture of organic substance of plant origin derived from the environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As indicated in [8][9][10] a P/S fatty acid ratio can be used for identifying species membership of fat and oil residues in the archaeological materials. To assess the origin of organic residues, we calculated the P/S fatty acid ratio in the studied samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of the Modern and Ancient Coloring Pigment in the Paintings from the Two-Eyed Stone (Dvuglazyi Kamen’) Pictograph (the Neyva River, the Middle Urals)

et al. 2021

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“…Still, it must be noted that high molecular weight alkanes are present in relatively low amounts and lack a clear odd-over-even chain length preference [77] to distinguish the plant matter. Since palmitic and stearic acid are detected in almost equal abundance, with the presence of the odd fatty acids, namely C15:0, pentadecanoic and C17:0, heptadecanoic acid, a predominant presence of ruminant animal fat is likely [78][79][80]. However, the amounts of palmitic and stearic acids, as well as specified odd fatty acids, should be interpreted with caution considering the sample is a heterogeneous mixture, the lipid content has been altered through thermal degradation, and even though the archaeological conditions were favorable for preservation post-deposition degradation influenced the chemical composition of the sample [81,82].…”

Section: Gc-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeological Evidence for the Dietary Practices and Lifestyle of 18th Century Lisbon, Portugal—Combined Steroidal Biomarker and Microparticle Analysis of the Carbonized Faecal Remains

Fundurulic

Manhita

Filipe³

et al. 2023

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The study of the urban context in the contemporary center of Portugal’s capital city uncovered traces of daily lives that were abruptly interrupted and utterly transformed by the Great Lisbon Earthquake on the morning of 1 November 1755. Charred organic residue was recovered from a cylindrical vessel excavated from the storage area of the town house at the Rossio square. The archaeological sample was studied through a multi-analytical approach based on microstructural, elemental and biomolecular characterization by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR), variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The residue was identified as human faeces collected in the ceramic vessel for disposal, and further analysis provided additional information about diet and the living conditions in the 18th century.

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Microanalytical Investigation of Prehistoric Colorants from Uralian Rock Art (Ignatievskaya Cave and Idrisovskaya II and Zmiev Kamen’ Pictographs)

et al. 2022

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Uralian parietal and rock art (cave paintings and pictographs, or “pisanitsy”) represents a unique archaeological and cultural phenomenon, comprising 90 sites stretching for more than 800 km from north to south, which date from the Paleolithic era extending into the present Holocene epoch. The identification of the nature of prehistoric colorants provides an insight into their provenance, manufacture and utilization, as well as contributing to the conservation and restoration of drawings. The studies of mineral, elemental and organic phase composition of the colorant micro-samples from the drawings of Ignatievskaya cave and Idrisovskaya II and Zmiev Kamen’ pictographs (Southern and Middle Urals, Russia) discussed in the present work were carried out using a special set of microspectroscopic methods (SEM-EDS and Raman spectroscopy) offering high spatial resolution. The fatty acid composition of the organic phase was analyzed by GC–MS. The technology of colorant manufacture could have included thorough grinding and mixing of unheated hematite with an organic binder made from animal fat and a clayey extender in order to achieve the desired hue and intensity of the color. It is possible that the colorant was applied in layers (Idrisovskaya II and Zmiev Kamen’ pictographs). The development of authigenic phosphate and sulfate (gypsum) mineralization, which is observed in all studied sites, as well as oxalate encrustation on the Idrisovskaya II pictograph, indicates the conditions and processes of secondary mineral formation.

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Fatty acid composition of organic residue on bronze age pottery (Bozshakol, Kazakhstan) by GC–MS after acid methanolysis

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Comparative Analysis of the Modern and Ancient Coloring Pigment in the Paintings from the Two-Eyed Stone (Dvuglazyi Kamen’) Pictograph (the Neyva River, the Middle Urals)

Comparative Analysis of the Modern and Ancient Coloring Pigment in the Paintings from the Two-Eyed Stone (Dvuglazyi Kamen’) Pictograph (the Neyva River, the Middle Urals)

Archaeological Evidence for the Dietary Practices and Lifestyle of 18th Century Lisbon, Portugal—Combined Steroidal Biomarker and Microparticle Analysis of the Carbonized Faecal Remains

Microanalytical Investigation of Prehistoric Colorants from Uralian Rock Art (Ignatievskaya Cave and Idrisovskaya II and Zmiev Kamen’ Pictographs)

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