Fatty acid composition in maternal milk and plasma during supplementation with cod liver oil

Helland, IB; Saarem, Kristin; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Drevon, C. A.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600656

Cited by 70 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Certain constituents of breast milk, for example, docosahexaenoic acid, are known to be associated with infant mental development (Uauy & De Andraca, 1995;Koletzko & Rodriguez-Palmero, 1999). Docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk is associated with maternal intake of the fatty acid (Helland et al, 1998) and maternal supplementation may be favorable for later mental development of children (Helland et al, 2003). However, there is little evidence that they affect motor development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal body mass index, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and children's developmental status at the age of 6 years

et al. 2005

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Objective: To investigate whether the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and maternal body mass index (BMI) are associated with children's developmental status at the time of beginning elementary school. Design and subjects: The subjects in the sample came from a longitudinal study on infant nutrition in Iceland. Food records were made once a month from birth to the age of 12 months, from which duration of exclusive breastfeeding could be determined. Mothers filled in The Icelandic developmental inventory for evaluation of motor and verbal development close to their children's sixth birthday (n ¼ 85). Maternal self-reported weight and height was recorded. Information on socioeconomic factors was gathered by a questionnaire. Results: Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, in months, was positively related to children's motor component (B ¼ 0.570.5, P ¼ 0.054) and to the total developmental index (B ¼ 1.070.5, P ¼ 0.044) at 6 y, adjusting for gender and socioeconomic factors (maternal and paternal education, and family income). Children's learning score was negatively related to maternal BMI (B ¼ À0.570.2, P ¼ 0.047). An inverse association also appeared between maternal BMI and two out of the three developmental composite scores, that is, verbal component and the total developmental index (B ¼ À0.670.3, P ¼ 0.049) and (B ¼ À0.470.2, P ¼ 0.057), respectively. In multiple regression the developmental indexes were most strongly independently associated with maternal BMI (negatively) and infants' birth weight (positively). Conclusion: Maternal BMI and duration of breastfeeding were associated with verbal and motor development of 6-y-old children, independent of socioeconomic factors. Birth weight was also an independent determinant for developmental scores.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal body mass index, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and children's developmental status at the age of 6 years

et al. 2005

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“…It has earlier been shown that maternal intake of single-cell oil or cod liver oil do not affect the amount of AA in the breast milk. 20,55 The higher concentration of AA in breast milk of corn oil supplemented mothers is most probably caused by the increased intake of linoleic acid and thereby increased concentration of AA in maternal plasma (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20,36 Analyses of breast milk were performed on subjects where blood samples from the infant were available. Total lipid concentration in milk was calculated based on the peak areas of methyl esters relative to the internal standard.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Similar Effects on Infants of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids Supplementation to Pregnant and Lactating Women

Helland¹,

Saugstad²,

et al. 2001

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ABSTRACT.Objective. There have been indications that high intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during pregnancy may increase birth weight and gestational length. In addition, n-3 longchain PUFAs may be important for the neurobiological development of the infants. High levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) are found in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex and in the retina, and it seems as if the availability of long-chain PUFAs may be limiting cerebral development. The fetus and the newborn are dependent on a high supply from their mothers, either via the placenta or via breast milk. We supplemented pregnant and lactating women with n-3 or n-6 long-chain PUFAs to evaluate the effect on birth weight, gestational length, and infant development.Design. We performed a double-blind, randomized study recruiting 590 pregnant, healthy, nulli-or primiparous women (19 -35 years old) in weeks 17 to 19 of pregnancy. The women were provided 10 mL of either cod liver oil or corn oil daily until 3 months after delivery.Main outcome measures. Primary outcomes were gestational length and birth weight. Electroencephalography (EEG) was done on the second day of life and at 3 months of age. Novelty preference (Fagan test) was used as an indicator of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age. The fatty acid pattern in umbilical plasma phospholipids and in breast milk was measured, and dietary assessments were performed, both on the mothers during pregnancy and on the infants at 3 months of age. The growth of the infants was followed up to 1 year of age.Results. Three hundred forty-one mothers took part in the study until delivery. There were no significant differences in maternal body mass index before pregnancy and at birth, or parity between the 2 groups. Smoking habits and parental education were also similar in the 2 groups. The mean age of the mothers receiving cod liver oil was, by chance, 1 year higher than the age of the mothers receiving corn oil (28.6 Dietary information from 251 infants at 3 months of age was collected and 85% of these infants were exclusively breastfed, in addition to 12% who were partly breastfed. The breast milk of mothers supplemented with cod liver oil contained more n-3 long-chain PUFAs and less n-6 long-chain PUFAs than breast milk of mothers supplemented with corn oil. There were no significant differences in infant growth during the first year of life between the 2 groups.Conclusions. This study shows neither harmful nor beneficial effects of maternal supplementation of longchain n-3 PUFAs regarding pregnancy outcome, cognitive development, or growth, as compared with supplementation with n-6 fatty acids. However, it confirms that DHA concentration may be related to gestational length and cerebral maturation of the newborn. Pediatrics 2001; 108(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/ 108/5/e82; dietary supplements, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, gestational length, birth weight, infant, pregnancy, breastfeeding, cognitive functioning, ele...

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“…This variation is primarily caused by differences in maternal fish intake. Fish oil (FO)-supplementation of lactating mothers effectively increases breast-milk DHA levels [16][17][18][19]. At present there is insufficient scientific evidence to determine whether the variation in DHA level in breast-milk has functional implications for the breast-fed infant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on developmental outcome in breast-fed infants

Lauritzen¹,

et al. 2005

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-Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulates in the brain during the 1st and 2nd years of life. The objective of this study was to see if an increased content of DHA in breast-milk via maternal fish oil (FO)-supplementation affects mental development in term infants. one hundred twenty-two Danish mothers with a habitual fish intake below the population median were randomized to 4.5 g·d -1 of FO or olive oil (OO) for the first four months of lactation. Fifty-three mothers with habitual fish intake in the highest quartile were included as reference group. The effect of the resulting increase in infant DHA-intake and RBC-DHA level was assessed on problem solving ability at nine months and language at one and two years of age. Infants in the three groups performed equally well on the problem test and no association was observed between problem solving and erythrocyte-DHA at four months. Passive vocabulary at one year was lower in the children of the FO-compared with the OOgroup (P < 0.05), but no differences were found at two years of age. Word comprehension at one year was inversely associated with erythrocyte-DHA at four months. The trial indicate a small effect of DHA levels in breast-milk on early language development of breast-fed infants.docosahexaenoic acid / breast-milk / infant development / long-chain n-3 fatty acid / optimal dietary intake Abbreviations: AA: arachidonic acid; CDI: communicative development inventory; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; FO: fish oil; LCPUFA: long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; OO: olive oil; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; RBC: red blood cells.

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Fatty acid composition in maternal milk and plasma during supplementation with cod liver oil

Cited by 70 publications

References 23 publications

Maternal body mass index, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and children's developmental status at the age of 6 years

Maternal body mass index, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and children's developmental status at the age of 6 years

Similar Effects on Infants of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids Supplementation to Pregnant and Lactating Women

Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on developmental outcome in breast-fed infants

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