“…Thus, the mechanical properties of rocks subjected to fatigue loading are different from those of rocks subjected to monotonic loading. [2][3][4] Cycling freezethaw (FT) is also a type of fatigue loading, 5 but FT cycles involve complex weathering processes that depend on the variations of water and temperature within rock materials. 6,7 Moreover, the formation process of rock masses is complicated, resulting from numerous discontinuities in the form of joints, faults, fissures, cracks, and weak Nomenclature: 2-D, Two-dimensional; 3-D, Three-dimensional; AE, Acoustic emission; DSCM, Digital speckle correlation method; FT, Freeze-thaw; GPD, General particle dynamics; PD, Peridynamics; PMMA, Polymethyl methacrylate; RFPA, Rock failure process analysis; SEM, Scanning electron microscopy surfaces in the rock masses.…”