“…In recent years, there have been renovations in high-performance steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), which exhibits higher ductility than conventional concrete (Krstulovic et al, 1995). The addition of a SFRC overlay has demonstrated a substantial reduction in fatigue stresses of the OSD structures through numerical simulation (Walter et al, 2007), experiments (Ishii et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2020;Murakoshi et al, 2012Murakoshi et al, , 2013Noguchi et al, 2016;Ono et al, 2005Ono et al, , 2009 and engineering applications (Kodama et al, 2010;Miki et al, 2006). Based on the concrete properties and layer thicknesses, the applications of overlays can be categorized into two major alternatives: (i) ordinary strength SFRC with thicker layer (75-150 mm), including commonly used SFRC (Ishii et al, 2013;Krstulovic et al, 1995;Murakoshi et al, 2012Murakoshi et al, , 2013Noguchi et al, 2016;Ono et al, 2005Ono et al, , 2009Walter et al, 2007) or engineered cementitious composite (ECC) (Liu et al, 2020); (ii) high-strength SFRC with thin layer (30-50 mm), such as ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) (Abdelbaset et al, 2020;Dieng et al, 2013;Pei et al, 2018).…”