Fatigue, Pain, Sleep Difficulties, and Depressive Symptoms in Mexican Americans and Chinese Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

An integrative review of fatigue in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications for self‐management and quality of life

“…The PHQ9 scale for depression and IPQ‐R scale of illness perceptions each included an item about the frequency of fatigue. The percentage of participants who reported having fatigue was 24.6% for a sample of primarily non‐Hispanic white Americans from California (Sudore et al, 2012), 63.4% for a sample of Chinese Americans in Texas (Kuo et al, 2020) and 77.8% for a sample of Mexican Americans from Texas, USA (Kuo et al, 2020).…”

“…Most studies were conducted in Western countries including Australia (n = 1), Canada (n = 1), Denmark (n = 1), France (n = 1), the Netherlands (n = 1), Portugal (n = 1) and the United States (n = 17). The majority were cross‐sectional observational studies and among them were six secondary data analyses (Kim et al, 2020; Kuo et al, 2020; Park et al, 2015; Zhu et al, 2018, 2019, 2020). Other designs in the recruited studies included two RCTs (Abd El‐Kader et al, 2015; Dempsey et al, 2018), three qualitative designs (Arifin et al, 2020; Hernandez et al, 2019; Laranjo et al, 2015) and one quasi‐experimental study (Kluding et al, 2015).…”

“…Psychological factors refer to the affective and cognitive variables that influence the experience of unpleasant symptoms (Lenz et al, 1997). Higher diabetes emotional distress (Fritschi et al, 2012; Kim et al, 2020; Park et al, 2015), more depressive symptoms (Fritschi et al, 2012; Kim et al, 2020; Kuo et al, 2020), higher self‐reported depression level (Singh et al, 2016), higher levels of anxiety (Ozdemir & Sahin, 2020), more subjective cognitive decline (Kim et al, 2020), poor sleep quality (Cuellar & Ratcliffe, 2008; Morris et al, 2016; Nefs et al, 2015; Singh et al, 2016), longer sleep duration (Morris et al, 2016), higher level of sleep disturbance (Kim et al, 2020; Zhu, Quinn, & Fritschi, 2018) and more severe sleep‐related impairment (Kim et al, 2020; Zhu, Quinn, & Fritschi, 2018) were related to fatigue in adults with T2DM (see Table 2).…”

“…Several situational factors were related to fatigue in adults with T2DM: less social support (Aylaz et al, 2015), living alone (Aylaz et al, 2015) and having lower education levels (Aylaz et al, 2015; Fritschi et al, 2017; Seo et al, 2015) were associated with more fatigue. Only one study examined the relationship between fatigue and race or ethnicity, and it found that Mexican Americans reported more fatigue than Chinese Americans in a sample of 206 adults with T2DM in Texas, USA (Kuo et al, 2020).…”

“…Among the literature on fatigue and DSM activities in adults with T2DM, physical activity was the most studied (Abd El-Kader et al, 2015;Dempsey et al, 2018;Fritschi et al, 2012Fritschi et al, , 2017Hernandez et al, 2019;Kluding et al, 2015;Laranjo et al, 2015 (Zhu et al, 2019. Higher fatigue intensity upon awakening was related to more uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and snacking during the day .…”