Fatigue in High-Energy Commercial Li Batteries while Cycling at Standard Conditions: An In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Study

Abstract

Commercially available 18650 Li-ion batteries are considered for high energy density storage and usage in mobile applications as well as to store energy from intermittent energy sources. This has triggered intense research for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials, while their current stateof-the-art, temperature dependent performance is hardly described in detail. The fatigue process in two brands of rechargeable commercial high-energy Li-ion batteries (18650-type, 3500 mAh, LiNi 0.83 Mn 0.07 Co 0.11 O 2 (NMC-811) and LiNi 0.86 Co 0.11 Al 0.03 O 2 (NCA)) as a function of cycling temperature has been investigated using in-situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The batteries (~140) were cycled at conditions specified by the manufacturer and simulated realistic user conditions with good statistics. Cycling temperature (25, 35 and 45 °C) had a significant influence on the capacity fade with 35 °C showing the highest capacity retention. The NCA

On the environmental competitiveness of sodium-ion batteries under a full life cycle perspective – a cell-chemistry specific modelling approach

“…46,[49][50][51] Correspondingly, commercial state of the art LIBS can least for up to two decades for stationary storage applications. 50,52,53 SIB, with a much lower technological maturity, show an even higher variability. 53 While cycle lives of experimental laboratory cells are oen comparably low, some reports state that SIB achieve between 500 until up to 2000 full cycles at a Depth of Discharge (DOD) of 80%, 54 and might reach up to 4000 cycles at 1C until 80% of initial capacity, which is compatible with current state of the art LIB.…”

Cycling Rate‐Induced Spatially‐Resolved Heterogeneities in Commercial Cylindrical Li‐Ion Batteries

“…Additionally, neutrons, having significantly higher penetration depth than X‐rays, can also be used to study LiBs. [ 39–47 ] Recent developments in neutron diffraction imaging techniques, such as neutron diffraction computed tomography (ND‐CT) and direct/real space neutron diffraction imaging, [ 48–51 ] have shown that neutron diffraction can be considered as a powerful characterization tool for ex situ measurements.…”

Data-driven lithium-ion battery capacity estimation from voltage relaxation

“…The capacity fade results indicate that increasing the temperature to 35 °C and 45 °C has a beneficial effect on the capacity retention, and that the charging current is at the limit of what the cells can handle. The major capacity loss is from loss of active lithium and is most likely consumed in the SEI formation as proven by in-situ neutron powder diffraction along with electrochemical analysis in our previous work 33 . Nevertheless, as this study aims to estimate the battery capacity based on data-driven methods, the relaxation process after fully charging is taken for feature extraction as the relaxation process is easily obtained in battery real use conditions.…”