“…As far as numerical methods are concerned, fatigue crack growth has been investigated using dual boundary element method (DBEM) (e.g., [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]), program FRANC3D (a BEM-based program) (e.g., [15][16][17]), displacement discontinuity method (e.g., [18,19]), multiregion BEM (e.g., [20]), and combined BEM/FEM (e.g., [21]). However, even though there was a variety of fatigue crack growth topics studied in the aforementioned work, none of them addressed the fatigue crack growth in particulate media.…”