Plastic deformation and surface characteristics of a peak-aged AA6082 alloy have been studied by means of tensile tests, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atom force Microscopy (AFM). The results showed that a simultaneous enhancement in ductility and strength of the alloy was obtained at 77K in comparison with that at 295K. The enhanced properties at 77K are attributed to higher work hardening accompanied by a more homogeneous slip mode.Moreover, in order to clarify the effect of temperature-induced microstructural changes on mechanical properties, a further investigation, i.e., pre-stretching at 77K and 295K with or without subsequent annealing treatment, followed by tension to fracture at 295K, was conducted. It was found that pre-stretching at both temperatures produce a yield point and followed by different yield drop zones, while pre-stretching and annealing lead to reduced stress levels, much less pronounced yield point behavior and improved ductility compared to their predecessors. Especially, pre-straining at 77K with subsequent annealing demonstrated the highest ductility and work hardening ability among the four cases. It is thought the obtained results are associated with variety of microstructure such as strain localization, β ' /β '' ratio and dislocation densities under different conditions.