“…Among known metals, pure titanium and titanium alloy have unique characteristics, such as high specific strength, low density, and good corrosion resistance, and they are emerging structural and functional materials [1,2]. Pure titanium and titanium alloy are widely used in fields such as aerospace engineering [3] for reducing structural weight and improving thrust–weight ratio and in fields such as shipbuilding [4], petroleum [5] and chemical industries [6], automobiles [7], and medicine [8,9]. However, they still have some inherent defects, such as poor wear resistance and poor thermal conductivity [10,11], affecting the safety and reliability of their workpiece.…”