Fathers' Expectations about Sons' Masculinity Scale

Levant, Ronald F.; Gerdes, Zachary T.; Alto, Kathleen M.; Jadaszewski, Stefan; McDermott, Ryon C.

doi:10.1037/t68142-000

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…However, this outdated view may still be prevalent among traditional men and could be an area of couple and parental stress. For example, a recent study found that adult sons of fathers who expected them to be stereotypically masculine had reduced self-esteem (Levant, Gerdes, Alto, Jadaszewski, & McDermott, 2016). It could also relate to couple distress when wives express concern over their husbands’ harsh—and even violent—disciplinary practices, only to receive a defensive response, for example, “That’s how I was raised, and I turned out fine.”…”

Section: Fatheringmentioning

confidence: 99%

What does the psychology of men and masculinities offer the practitioner? Practical guidance for the feminist, culturally sensitive treatment of traditional men.

Silver¹,

Levant²,

Gonzalez³

2018

Practice Innovations

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The psychology of men and masculinities can provide helpful guidance to practitioners treating men who endorse traditional masculine norms. This article offers conceptual models and techniques to address some men’s culturally based aversion toward therapy and emotional work. We posit that traditional men comprise their own unique, multifaceted cultural group, and successful clinical work with such men can be understood as a form of cultural competence. In addition, an understanding of the psychology of men and masculinities serves a feminist aim in that it recognizes male privilege and can allow clinicians to advocate for gender equality in their therapeutic work with men while better serving women clients whose distress may be directly related to the men in their lives. Following a theoretical overview, this paper covers the following in regard to traditional men: initiation into therapy, overcoming the stigma surrounding help-seeking, assessing for alexithymia, traditional men’s different expressions of caring, traditional men’s externalization of distress, the concept of intersectionality, traditional men’s experiences of depression, fathering, and therapeutic adaptations. We conclude with a case conceptualization portraying how assessment and treatment can proceed with a traditionally masculine client. We describe how feminist, culturally competent therapy can address a traditional man’s clinical concerns, guided by insights from the psychology of men and masculinities.

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Section: Fatheringmentioning

confidence: 99%

What does the psychology of men and masculinities offer the practitioner? Practical guidance for the feminist, culturally sensitive treatment of traditional men.

Silver¹,

Levant²,

Gonzalez³

2018

Practice Innovations

Self Cite

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“…They are forced to strictly conform to gender stereotypes (Fields et al, 2015;Lock & Kleis, 1995), and so they might have more negative ATG because gay men clearly deviate from their prescribed gender roles (Oliver & Hyde, 1995;Theodore & Basow, 2000). Finally, heterosexual men might desire to protect their masculinity and manhood by showing negative ATG (Mahalik et al, 2003;Levant, Gerdes, Alto, Jadaszewski, & McDermott, 2017;Vandello & Bosson, 2013).…”

Section: Demographic Variables As Social Contact Political Orientatimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationships Among Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians, System Justification, Social Contact, Political Orientation and Gender

Sakallı-Uğurlu¹,

Metu²,

Uğurlu³

et al. 2019

Nesne

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The study explored the association among attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, system justification, social contact, political orientation, and gender in a Muslim heterosexual sample in Turkey. Participants (N = 377; Women = 276 & Men = 101; MAge = 21.83, SDAge = 2.00) completed scales of Attitudes toward Gay Men (ATG) and Lesbians (ATL), system justification, and demographic information. Men had more negative scores on ATG and ATL than women. Gay men were evaluated more negatively than lesbians by men. Having higher scores on system justification, being close to extreme right political orientation, and having lower social contact with gay men/lesbians were associated with negative ATG and ATL. Men scored higher on ATG, indicating negative attitudes toward gay men, but there was not a significant difference between women and men for ATL. Geylere ve Lezbiyenlere İlişkin Tutumlar ile Sistemi Meşrulaştırma, Sosyal Temas, Politik Yönelim ve Cinsiyet Arasındaki İlişki Öz Bu çalışmada geylere ve lezbiyenlere ilişkin tutumlar, sistemi meşrulaştırma, sosyal temas, politik oryantasyon ve cinsiyet arasındaki ilişki Türkiye'de Müslüman heteroseksüel örnekleminde incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan 377 katılımcı (Kadın = 276, Erkek = 101; OrtYaş = 21.83, SSYaş = 2.00) Geylere ve Lezbiyenlere ilişkin Tutumlar Ölçeği, Sistemi Meşrulaştırma Ölçeği ve Demografik Bilgi Formunu doldurmuştur. Erkek katılımcılar geyleri lezbiyenlere oranla daha olumsuz değerlendirmiştir. Sistemi meşrulaştırma düzeyinin yüksek olması, aşırı sağ politik oryantasyona yakın olma ve geyler/lezbiyenlerle düşük oranda sosyal temas kurma geylere ve lezbiyenlere ilişkin olumsuz tutumları yordamıştır. Ayrıca, erkek katılımcılar, geylere ilişkin tutumlarda yüksek puanlar alarak daha olumsuz tutumlar belirtmişlerdir; ancak lezbiyenlere ilişkin tutumlar açısından kadın ve erkek cinsiyet farkı anlamlı bulunamamıştır.

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“…While more research is certainly needed in this area, these results may have implications related to the impact of gender role conformity and parenting within the current sample. Levant, Gerdes, Alto, Jadaszewski, and McDermott (2017) suggested that fathers inform their sons' masculine gender role socialization and that there is variability in whether fathers socialize their sons to conform to traditional masculine norms more rigidly or encourage openness and flexibility. In addition, these authors noted that fathers with more rigid masculine gender role expectations for their sons may create environments that detract from healthy personal and emotional functioning and encourage adherence to traditional male roles that may lead to difficulties in adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, practitioners working with fathers or adult sons may want to encourage or promote more flexibility with regards to gender role conformity. Levant et. al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors noted that if fathers adhere to the belief that their role is to "toughen up and make men out of their sons" (p. 13), then practitioners should seek to potentially challenge these beliefs through the use of psychoeducation. The authors further shared the importance of psychological entities and organizations reaching out to the public and distributing information that challenges the idea of encouraging sons to adhere to rigid masculine norms (Levant et. al., 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adherence to Masculine Norms and Perceived Paternal Nurturance as Predictors of SelfCompassion

Craig¹

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Previous researchers have examined the relationship between adherence to masculine norms and self-compassion as well as the impact of parental warmth on self-compassion. However, no study to date has specifically examined how perceptions of paternal nurturance and adherence to masculine norms impact levels of self-compassion in college-aged males. Furthermore, findings regarding the relationship between adherence to traditional gender roles and self-compassion have not been well established. The purpose of the current quantitative study was to ascertain whether greater adherence to traditional United States' masculine norms and levels of perceived paternal nurturance contribute to levels of self-compassion in college-aged males at West Virginia University. Data were collected via self-report measures in order to better understand whether the first two variables predicted levels of self-compassion. A hierarchical multiple regression was used to ascertain whether perceptions of paternal nurturance would explain a significant amount of variance in levels of self-compassion after controlling for adherence to masculine norms. Findings demonstrated that higher levels of adherence to masculine norms predicted lower levels of self-compassion and that higher levels of perceived paternal nurturance predicted lower levels of self-compassion. Overall, the hierarchical regression analysis showed that perceived paternal nurturance did explain a significant amount of variance in levels of selfcompassion while controlling for levels of adherence to masculine norms, though not in the direction initially hypothesized. The implications based upon the results and future directions for study are discussed.

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Fathers' Expectations about Sons' Masculinity Scale

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

What does the psychology of men and masculinities offer the practitioner? Practical guidance for the feminist, culturally sensitive treatment of traditional men.

What does the psychology of men and masculinities offer the practitioner? Practical guidance for the feminist, culturally sensitive treatment of traditional men.

The Relationships Among Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians, System Justification, Social Contact, Political Orientation and Gender

Adherence to Masculine Norms and Perceived Paternal Nurturance as Predictors of SelfCompassion

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