During the past decade, a burgeoning research literature from multiple disciplines, including sociology, criminal justice, family science, and pediatrics, has documented the sequelae of parental incarceration for children and families, although fewer studies have appeared in child development publications. In this chapter, we argue that the application of developmental and family theories and methodologies facilitates understanding of how and why children's lives change when a parent is incarcerated. Parental incarceration, as a complex phenomenon, may be defined, studied, and analyzed differently depending on whether the lens focuses on children, families, communities, or larger organizations and societies. The child development and family theories reviewed here emphasize "development in context," including the importance of proximal processes, relationships, the interaction of multiple systemic levels, and the recognition of resilience processes that can include individual, family, and other assets as determinants of child and family well-being. We suggest 3