Fate of microbicidal 3-isothiazolone compounds in the environment.  Modes and rates of dissipation

Krzeminski, Stephen F.; Brackett, Charles K.; Fisher, James D.

doi:10.1021/jf60202a053

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Krzeminski et al studied the modes and rates of dissipation of MI and MCI (calcium chloride salts) over a range of conditions likely to occur in the environment [69]. The degradation of both compounds at levels near 1 ppm was observed to occur readily by hydrolytic, photochemical, and biological action in the aquatic and terrestrial environments.…”

Section: Stability Of Isothiazolinonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both compounds are degraded by UV radiation and show little adsorption by river silt but are readily absorbed and metabolized by aquatic ferns. According to the authors, the decomposition of both isothiazolones by several chemical and biological mechanisms ensures that the compounds will not persist in the environment and thus the use of these types of isothiazolones will not produce an undue ecological disturbance to the environment [69]. Following this work, the authors also sought to characterize, isolate, and identify the major transformation products of MI and MCI, in several environmental systems and, as a consequence, define their degradative pathway in the aquatic environment [70].…”

Section: Stability Of Isothiazolinonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles

Silva

Soares

et al. 2020

Molecules

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The importance of isothiazole and of compounds containing the isothiazole nucleus has been growing over the last few years. Isothiazolinones are used in cosmetic and as chemical additives for occupational and industrial usage due to their bacteriostatic and fungiostatic activity. Despite their effectiveness as biocides, isothiazolinones are strong sensitizers, producing skin irritations and allergies and may pose ecotoxicological hazards. Therefore, their use is restricted by EU legislation. Considering the relevance and importance of isothiazolinone biocides, the present review describes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding their synthesis, antibacterial components, toxicity (including structure–activity–toxicity relationships) outlines, and (photo)chemical stability. Due to the increasing prevalence and impact of isothiazolinones in consumer’s health, analytical methods for the identification and determination of this type of biocides were also discussed.

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Section: Stability Of Isothiazolinonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stability Of Isothiazolinonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles

Silva

Soares

et al. 2020

Molecules

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“…It is well-known that isothiazolinones readily react with thiol-containing substances, such as glutathione [11]. Several studies on the stability of CMIT have also shown that they are degradable in water above pH 8.5 [8,[12][13][14][15]. However, it is not understood how stable CMIT/MIT is after its release in the form of small aqueous aerosols from humidifiers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental determination of indoor air concentration of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/ 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT) emitted by the use of humidifier disinfectant

Park

Seol

Park

et al. 2020

Environ Anal Health Toxicol

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A mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT) had been used as an active ingredient in humidifier disinfectants (HDs). Owing to its high reactivity, the atmospheric concentration of CMIT/MIT, following its use in HD, would be lower than expected assuming that it is removed by ventilation only. In order to evaluate the exposure concentration of CMIT/MIT used as an HD, room-scale chamber studies were conducted under plausible use of three different HD doses at air change rates (ACR) of 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 h-1. Atmospheric CMIT/MIT was sampled using two serial impingers containing deionized water after the attainment of steady state. Water samples in which CMIT/MIT was dissolved were concentrated using a cosolvent evaporation method with efficiencies of 35.5 and 77.9% for CMIT and MIT, respectively. The estimated air concentration, assuming that all the CMIT/MIT is absorbed in deionized water, increased linearly with increasing emission rate, but was independent of the ACR. This indicates that the removal rate of CMIT/MIT via chemical reactions is more than the removal rate by ventilation. Further investigations on homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions of CMIT/MIT under ambient conditions are necessary to understand the actual exposure concentration of the mixture in HD.

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“…There were no metabolic differences based on gender, and the metabolic rate of CMIT was slightly less than that of MIT. This study concluded that CMIT/MIT is readily absorbed in the organs; however, most of it is excreted within a day and only small amounts of it are distributed in the tissues (34,88).…”

Section: Hazard Identificationmentioning

confidence: 87%

Risk Assessment of 5-Chloro-2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-One/2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-One (CMIT/MIT) Used as a Preservative in Cosmetics

Kim

Lee

et al. 2019

ToxicolRes

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The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), CMIT/ MIT, is a preservative in cosmetics. CMIT/MIT is a highly effective preservative; however, it is also a commonly known skin sensitizer. Therefore, in the present study, a risk assessment for safety management of CMIT/MIT was conducted on products containing 0.0015% of CMIT/MIT, which is the maximum MIT level allowed in current products. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for CMIT/MIT was 2.8 mg/kg bw/day obtained from a two-generation reproductive toxicity test, and the skin sensitization toxicity standard value for CMIT/MIT, or the no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL), was 1.25 µg/cm 2 /day in humans. According to a calculation of body exposure to cosmetics use, the systemic exposure dosage (SED) was calculated as 0.00423 mg/kg bw/day when leave-on and rinse-off products were considered. Additionally, the consumer exposure level (CEL) amounted to 0.77512 µg/cm 2 /day for all representative cosmetics and 0.00584 µg/cm 2 /day for rinse-off products only. As a result, the non-cancer margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as 633, and CMIT/MIT was determined to be safe when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. In addition, the skin sensitization acceptable exposure level (AEL)/CEL was calculated as 0.00538 for all representative cosmetics and 2.14225 for rinse-off products; thus, CMIT/MIT was considered a skin sensitizer when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. Current regulations indicate that CMIT/MIT can only be used at concentrations 0.0015% or less and is prohibited from use in other cosmetics products. According to the results of this risk assessment, the CMIT/MIT regulatory values currently used in cosmetics are evaluated as appropriate.

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Fate of microbicidal 3-isothiazolone compounds in the environment. Modes and rates of dissipation

Cited by 38 publications

References 3 publications

Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles

Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles

Experimental determination of indoor air concentration of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/ 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT) emitted by the use of humidifier disinfectant

Risk Assessment of 5-Chloro-2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-One/2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-One (CMIT/MIT) Used as a Preservative in Cosmetics

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