Fate of CL-20 in sandy soils: Degradation products as potential markers of natural attenuation

Monteil-Rivera, Fanny; Halasz, Annamaria; Manno, Dominic; Kuperman, Roman G.; Thiboutot, Sonia; Ampleman, Guy; Hawari, Jalal

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.07.030

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 24 publications

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“…IMCs are a new family of munitions designed to be less prone to unintended and accidental explosions compared to conventional explosives. Due to their long history of use, the environmental behavior and fate of conventional explosives is now fairly well understood (Monteil-Rivera et al, 2009;Pennington and Brannon, 2002). However, since IMCs have only recently been used on a large scale, knowledge on the environmental behavior of these "emerging contaminants" is more limited (Richard and Weidhaas, 2014) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption and oxidation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) and its transformation product (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-one, ATO) at ferrihydrite and birnessite surfaces

Khatiwada

Abrell

et al. 2018

Environmental Pollution

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The emerging insensitive munitions compound (IMC) 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) is currently being used to replace conventional explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), but the environmental fate of this increasingly widespread IMC remains poorly understood. Upon release from unexploded solid phase ordinances, NTO exhibits high aqueous solubility and, hence, potential mobilization to groundwater. Adsorption and abiotic transformation at metal oxide surfaces are possible mechanisms for natural attenuation. Here, the reactions at ferrihydrite and birnessite surfaces of NTO and its biotransformation product, 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one (ATO), were studied in stirred batch reactor systems at controlled pH (7.0). The study was carried out at metal oxide solid to solution ratios (SSR) of 0.15, 1.5 and 15 g kg. The samples were collected at various time intervals up to 3 h after reaction initiation, and analyzed using HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. We found no detectable adsorption or transformation of NTO upon reaction with birnessite, whereas ATO was highly susceptible to oxidation by the same mineral, showing nearly complete transformation within 5 min at 15 g kg SSR to urea, CO and N. The mean surface-area-normalized pseudo-first order rate constant (k) for ATO oxidation by birnessite across all SSRs was 0.05 ± 0.022 h m, and oxidation kinetics were independent of dissolved O concentration. Both NTO and ATO were resistant to oxidation by ferrihydrite. However, NTO showed partial removal from solution upon reaction with ferrihydrite at 0.15 and 1.5 g kg SSR and complete loss at 15 g kg SSR due to strong adsorption. Conversely, ATO adsorption to ferrihydrite was much weaker than that measured for NTO.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%