Fate of ammonia and implications for distribution system water quality at four ion exchange softening plants with elevated source water ammonia

Keithley, Asher E.; Muhlen, Christy; Wahman, David G.; Lytle, Darren A.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117485

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Several follow-up investigations should be considered to better understand residential water softener impacts on water quality and their ability to be decontaminated after hydrocarbon exposure. Only a single water pH value was examined in the present study, and contaminant uptake and release may differ by pH as implied by others . The chemical composition of the DOC and POC released into water by new softeners should be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a single water pH value was examined in the present study, and contaminant uptake and release may differ by pH as implied by others. 62 The chemical composition of the DOC and POC released into water by new softeners should be investigated. Disinfectant demand, disinfectant byproduct formation potential, the role of leached organic compounds in influencing biofilm growth, and the health effects associated with the leached materials from new and aged resins should be examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination

Jankowski,

Gustafson,

Isaacson

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Water quality impacts of new ion exchange point-of-entry residential softeners and their ability to be decontaminated following hydrocarbon exposure were investigated. During startup, significant amounts of total sulfur (445 ± 815 mg/L) and total organic carbon (937 ± 119 mg/L) were released into the drinking water that flowed through the softeners. Particulate organic carbon was released until the third regeneration cycle, and resin may also have been released. After one week of device use, softeners continued to cause organic carbon levels to be four to five times greater than background levels. Leached materials from the ion-exchange resin contributed to chlorine decay. When resins were exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated water, they sorbed benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and then desorbed the contaminants into drinking water during a 15 day flushing decontamination period. On day 15, benzene exceeded the federal drinking water limit for two of the four resins. The aged resin contributed to the greatest chlorine decay rates and sorbed and then retained the least amount of BTEX. Scale and biofilm on the aged resin likely prompted disinfectant reactivity and inhibited BTEX diffusion into the resin. Study results show that softeners exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated water may need to be repeatedly flushed to remove BTEX contamination or be replaced. Additional work is recommended to better understand softener impacts on drinking water quality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination

Jankowski,

Gustafson,

Isaacson

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Strategies for ammonia recovery from wastewater: a review

Farghali,

Chen,

Osman

et al. 2024

Environ Chem Lett

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The circular economy requires advanced methods to recycle waste matter such as ammonia, which can be further used as a fuel and a precursor of numerous value-added chemicals. Here, we review methods for the recovery of ammonia from wastewater with emphasis on biological and physicochemical techniques, and their applications. Biological techniques involve nitrification, denitrification, and anammox processes and the use of membrane bioreactors. Physicochemical techniques comprise adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, ammonia stripping, electrochemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, bioelectrochemical systems, and membrane hybrid systems. We found that nitrification and anammox processes in membrane bioreactors stand out for their cost-effectiveness, reduced sludge production, and energy efficiency. The use of struvite precipitation is an efficient, environmentally friendly, and recyclable method for ammonia removal. Membrane hybrid systems are promising for ammonia recovery, nutrient concentration, and wastewater treatment, with applications in fertilizer production and water purification. Overall, nitrogen removal ranges from 28 to 100%, and nitrogen recovery ranges from 9 to 100%.

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Up-concentration of nitrogen from domestic wastewater: A sustainable strategy from removal to recovery

Qin

Wang

Xia

et al. 2023

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Fate of ammonia and implications for distribution system water quality at four ion exchange softening plants with elevated source water ammonia

Cited by 6 publications

References 33 publications

Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination

Residential Water Softeners Release Carbon, Consume Chlorine, and Require Remediation after Hydrocarbon Contamination

Strategies for ammonia recovery from wastewater: a review

Up-concentration of nitrogen from domestic wastewater: A sustainable strategy from removal to recovery

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