Fate and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in repacked soil columns: Influence of soil properties and surfactant

Abstract

A series of laboratory experiments was performed to investigate the transport and retention of viable C. parvum oocysts in soil columns homogeneously packed with loamy sand soils (Lewiston and Greenson series) and sandy loam soils (Sparta and Gilford series), and under hydrologic conditions involving the presence of an anionic surfactant—Aerosol 22 in artificial rainfall. To characterize the effect of surfactant on the mobility of C. parvum oocysts in the soils used in this study, these results were compared with previous laboratory‐scale column experiments of a previous study using soils contaminated with oocysts, under conditions identical to those described here except for the absence of the surfactant in the percolating water. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection and quantification of C. parvum oocysts in soil leachates to assess their breakthrough and in soil matrices to characterize their spatial distribution. Alterations in the rate and extent of transport of C. parvum oocysts were discerned per the physicochemical parameters analyzed—soil types, soil chemistry, and surfactant—and resulted in either the enhancement or hinderance of C. parvum oocysts adsorption to surfaces, and their movement in soils. In the case of loamy sand soils, the transport of C. parvum oocysts through the soil matrices increased with the application of surfactant for Sparta series and remained at a similar level for Gilford series. Regarding sandy loam soils, the movement of C. parvum oocysts through the soil matrices increased for Greenson series and decreased for Lewiston series with the application of surfactant.

Detection, fate and transport of the biohazardous agent Toxoplasma gondii in soil water systems: Influence of soil physicochemical properties, water chemistry and surfactant

“…Indeed, an increase in the negative zeta potential of sand was observed with an increase in the concentrations of anionic surfactant, which enhanced bacterial transport (Bai et al, 1997; Chen et al, 2004; Zhong et al, 2017). In their demonstration of the influence of Aerosol 22 upon the fate and transport of C. parvum oocysts in soils Darnault et al (2022) determined transport and retention of C. parvum oocysts in soil according to the physical and chemical parameters considered—soil texture, soil physics and chemistry, and surfactant. The result was a termination in either the enhancement or hinderance of C. parvum oocysts adsorption to soil particles, and their movement in soils.…”

“…The soils used in this study were collected as bulk samples from fallow and cultivated fields in Illinois and Utah, USA (Darnault et al, 2017; Darnault et al, 2022). Soils were air dried at 37°C, sieved in a 2 mm sieve and stored at room temperature in lidded buckets until used.…”

“…Soils were air dried at 37 C, sieved in a 2 mm sieve and stored at room temperature in lidded buckets until used. Their physiochemical properties, presented in Table 1, were determined by the Utah State University Analytical Laboratories (USUAL) following procedures described in detail by Darnault et al (2017Darnault et al ( , 2022. The taxonomic classification of these soils and their series descriptions are also presented in detail in Darnault et al (2017Darnault et al ( , 2022.…”

“…Their physiochemical properties, presented in Table 1, were determined by the Utah State University Analytical Laboratories (USUAL) following procedures described in detail by Darnault et al (2017Darnault et al ( , 2022. The taxonomic classification of these soils and their series descriptions are also presented in detail in Darnault et al (2017Darnault et al ( , 2022. Briefly, soil from the Gilford series, a loamy sand, was sampled in Kankakee County, Illinois.…”

Preface: Special section on emerging particles and biocolloids in terrestrial and aquatic systems

“…The papers in this special section deal with (a) the deposition and release of clay colloids and nanoparticles in porous media, where it was shown that heavy metals enhanced the attachment of clay colloids and that attached clay colloids can be released by cation exchange or reduction of the solution ionic strength (Shi et al., 2022); (b) the colloidal transport of heavy metals in low‐advective‐velocity environmental systems, where it was shown that when the interaction between sorbed contaminants with colloidal particles are ignored, the contaminant concentrations in aqueous environments might be underestimated under low flow velocity conditions (Sengor & Unlu, 2022); (c) the fate and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in porous media in the presence of surfactants, where it was shown that the presence of a surfactant could either increase or decrease the mobility of protozoa in porous media depending on the soil type (Darnault et al., 2022); (d) the cotransport of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and formaldehyde in saturated and unsaturated porous media, where it was shown that substantial retention of titanium dioxide nanoparticles occurs in both saturated and unsaturated porous media, and that the transport of formaldehyde was hindered in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, especially at high ionic strength (Chrysikopoulos & Fountouli, 2022); (e) the effects of microplastic on water dynamics in porous media, where it was concluded that microplastics at high concentrations can significantly hinder water infiltration (Cramer et al., 2022); and finally (f) the interfacial convections at the water–nonaqueous‐phase liquid interface in microfluidic systems, where it was shown that Marangoni, dissolution‐driven, and evaporation‐driven flow leads to enhanced mixing of phases in the vadose zone at nonaqueous‐phase liquid–water interfaces (Wismeth et al., 2022).…”