Fate and effects of the insecticide Dursban® 4E in indoor Elodea-dominated and macrophyte-free freshwater model ecosystems: III. Aspects of ecosystem functioning

Brock, T.C.M.; Vet, J. J. R. M.; Kerkhofs, M. J. J.; Lijzen, J.; Zuilekom, W. J. van; Gijlstra, R.

doi:10.1007/bf00212127

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…3D; Table 5), conductivity (Table 5), and alkalinity (Table 5) in the PS cosms during the first weeks after TPT application: conductivity and alkalinity temporarily increased, while pH Ecotoxicology (2006) and DO temporarily decreased. This response is consistent with a decrease in photosynthesis and is know as the DOpH-Alkalinity-Conductivity Syndrome (Brock et al 1993). …”

Section: Water Qualitysupporting

confidence: 72%

“…In Tables 12 and 13 exposure via the water column is expressed in three ways: initial nominal concentrations, concentration at 21 days, and the time-weighted average (TWA) over a twenty-one day period. These summary tables use five effect classes (adapted after Brock et al 2000) to facilitate the comparison of TPTrelated responses between the two types of microcosm. TPT-related effects were observed in both CS cosms and PS cosms, at all treatment levels.…”

Section: Influence Of Sediment Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of triphenyltin acetate in microcosms simulating floodplain lakes. I. Influence of sediment quality

et al. 2006

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Floodplain lakes in the Rhine-Meuse delta of the Netherlands vary considerably in levels of sedimentbound toxicants. Microcosm experiments were done to compare the ecological impact of the fungicide triphenyltin acetate (TPT) between test systems with clean or polluted sediments (10 microcosms each). Differences in sediment quality affected the structure of the aquatic communities that developed in the microcosms. Initially, a faster growth of the macrophyte Elodea nuttallii was observed on the polluted sediments, which contained not only toxicants but also higher organic matter and nutrient levels. Dynamics of TPT concentrations in the overlying water were very similar between the two types of test system. Higher levels of TPT, however, were found in the sediment compartment of the clean sediment systems containing a smaller macrophyte biomass. TPT was very persistent in the sediments. In both test systems representatives of several taxonomic groups showed clear responses to a single application of TPT, although benthic Nematoda were not affected. Although a few differences in the intensity and/or duration of TPT-related population responses were observed between the two types of test system, the background pollutants in the polluted sediment hardly affected the overall sensitivity of the aquatic community to the additional chemical stressor TPT.

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Section: Water Qualitysupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Influence Of Sediment Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of triphenyltin acetate in microcosms simulating floodplain lakes. I. Influence of sediment quality

et al. 2006

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“…S-stag = single application in a stagnant system; S-stream = single application in a running system; M-stag = multiple applications in a stagnant system; M-stream = multiple applications in a running system; L-stag = prolonged constant exposure in a stagnant system; L-stream = prolonged constant exposure in a running system. but also by the distribution of the active ingredient over different environmental compartments such as sediment, organic and inorganic particulate material, aquatic plants (e.g., Hill, 1989;Brock et al, 1993;Brock, 1994, Samsøe-Petersen et al, 2001;Hand et al, 2001) and volatilisation from the water (e.g., Larkin and Tjeerdma, 2000). Initial half-life values of dissolved organophosphates and carbamates in the water of stagnant (model) ecosystems are in the order of less than 1-10 days (Crossland and Bennett, 1984;Hanazato and Yasuno, 1990;Lahr and Diallo, 1993;Crum and Brock, 1994;Tanner and Knuth, 1995;Wayland and Boag, 1995;Giddings et al, 1996).…”

Section: Application Methods and Pesticide Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threshold Levels for Effects of Insecticides in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Review

2005

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Abstract. A literature review of freshwater (model) ecosystem studies with neurotoxic insecticides was performed to assess ecological threshold levels, to compare these levels with the first tier approach within European Union (EU) administration procedures, and to evaluate the ecological consequences of exceeding these thresholds. Studies published between 1980 and 2001 were reviewed. Most studies covered organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids in lentic waters. The most sensitive taxa were representatives of crustaceans, insects and fish. Based on toxic units, threshold values were equivalent for compounds with a similar mode of action. This also accounted for the nature and magnitude of direct effects at higher concentrations. Although laboratory single species toxicity tests may not allow predictions on precise ecological effects, some generalisations on effects and recovery can be made with respect to acute standard laboratory EC 50 data. The NOEC ecosystem usually is a factor of 10 or more higher than first tier acceptable concentrations, particularly in the case of single applications and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Acceptable concentrations, as set by the EU first tier approach, appear to be protective. Recovery of sensitive endpoints usually occurs within 2 months of the (last) application when peak concentrations remain lower than (0.1-1) · EC 50 of the most sensitive standard test species. The consistency of response patterns found in model ecosystem studies can be useful when estimating the ecological risks of pesticides. The use of an effect classification system was also helpful in evaluating effects.

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“…2 and 5). However, a decrease in conductivity, caused by increased photosynthesis, was expected (Brock et al 1993). The small increase in conductivity (280 to 300 lS/cm) after chlorpyrifos treatment can be explained by the release of dissolved substances that were until then part of the biomass of the zooplankton.…”

Section: Effects On Ecosystem Structure and Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chlorpyrifos, Carbendazim, and Linuron on the Ecology of a Small Indoor Aquatic Microcosm

Daam

Brink

2007

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Abstract. To validate the use of small indoor microcosms for the risk assessment of pesticides, the fate and effects of chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, and linuron were studied in 8.5-liter indoor freshwater microcosms. Functional and structural responses to selected concentrations were evaluated and compared with responses observed in larger-scale model ecosystem studies. Overall, the microcosms adequately displayed the chain of effects resulting from the application, although they did not always predict the exact fate and responses that were observed in larger semifield studies. Because closed systems were used that did not contain sediment and macrophytes, pesticides were relatively persistent in the present study. Consequently, calculated toxicity values were generally more comparable with those reported in studies with long-than with short-term exposure. Carbendazim had a higher overall no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) compared with experiments performed in larger systems because macroinvertebrate taxa, the most sensitive species group to this fungicide, were not abundant or diverse. Future refinements to the test system could include the addition of a sediment compartment and sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa. However, the simple design offers the potential to perform experiments under more controlled conditions than larger and, consequently, more complex model ecosystems, while maintaining relatively high ecologic realism compared with standard laboratory tests. Further implications for risk-assessment studies are discussed in an ecotoxicologic and methodologic context.Microcosms and mesocosms have often been used as a highertier study for the ecologic risk assessment of pesticides. They provide a bridge between laboratory and the field in terms of being manageable and allowing replication; hence, they provide a robust experimental design as well as realism in terms of ecologic processes and exposure to the chemical(s) being studied (Brock et al. 2000a).In recent years, the question of scale in ecologic studies has been widely recognized as a critical issue and underpins conceptual frameworks of how we understand ecologic phenomena (Flemer et al. 1997). Larger and consequently more complex model-ecosystems are not necessarily preferable over smaller ones. A research question can only be solved if the dimensions of the test system meet the requirements needed to solve this question. Larger and consequently more complex model ecosystems are ecologically more realistic than smaller systems. In contrast, smaller model ecosystems are easier to replicate and manipulate; therefore, they prove to be more useful in elucidating the chain of events occurring after chemical stress than large test-systems (Leeuwangh et al. 1994).The development of reliable, validated, more cost-effective, smaller test systems was recommended by the European Workshop on Freshwater Field Tests (Crossland et al. 1992) and the Higher-tier Aquatic Risk Assessment for Pesticides (HARAP) workshop (Campbell et al. 1999). However, only a smal...

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Fate and effects of the insecticide Dursban® 4E in indoor Elodea-dominated and macrophyte-free freshwater model ecosystems: III. Aspects of ecosystem functioning

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Impact of triphenyltin acetate in microcosms simulating floodplain lakes. I. Influence of sediment quality

Impact of triphenyltin acetate in microcosms simulating floodplain lakes. I. Influence of sediment quality

Threshold Levels for Effects of Insecticides in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Review

Effects of Chlorpyrifos, Carbendazim, and Linuron on the Ecology of a Small Indoor Aquatic Microcosm

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