Fatal poisoning in Estonia 2000–2009. Trends in illegal drug-related deaths

Tuusov, Jana; Vals, Kaire; Tõnisson, Mailis; Riikoja, Aime; Denissov, Gleb; Väli, Marika

doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2012.04.023

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…[21,[23][24][25][26] The most common age category for decedents who tested positive for illicit drugs (20 -30 years) also correlates relatively well with other studies. [25][26][27] This reflects a life expectancy approximately 32.9 -42.9 years lower than that of the general population of SA (62.9 years) [28] and indicates a significant number of YLL, which places a severe financial and emotional burden on the economy and communities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…These results are consistent with findings from other studies. [24][25][26]31] It is likely that these drugs are over-represented in samples from decedents, as opiates and cocaine are addictive and carry a greater risk of fatal outcome owing to the risk of central nervous system depression or cardiovascular afflictions, among other complications due to chronic use. [32] Globally, differences exist in patterns of illicit drug use: in Australia, opioids are believed to be responsible for most drug-related deaths, while cocaine has been reported as most commonly detected in drug-related deaths in Florida, USA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatalities involving illicit drug use in Pretoria, South Africa, for the period 2003 - 2012

et al. 2016

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatalities involving illicit drug use in Pretoria, South Africa, for the period 2003 - 2012

et al. 2016

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“…It is important to note that from 2005 to 2010, an increase in drug-related deaths: from 4.2 to 7.5/100 000 (Tuusov et al, 2012; National Institute for Health Development, 2012), and AIDS-related deaths: from 2.5 to 3.1/100 000 (Statistics Estonia, 2012) has been documented. We found a slight increase in the estimated numbers of IDUs in the overdose and mortality data sources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These observations are consistent with the increasing age of IDUs, and high prevalence of HIV (~50%) among IDUs in Estonia (Uusküla et al, 2008; Vorobjov et al, 2011; Uusküla et al, 2011). Further, injecting specific drugs - (synthetic, designer-drugs) fentanyles – has been attributed to the increased number on overdoses and overdose deaths among IDUs in Estonia (Tuusov et al, 2012; Talu et al, 2009; Wilson, 2012). In 2009, 87% and in 2011, 80% of illicit drug related deaths have been related to the use of fentanyles (Denissov, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A decline in the prevalence of injecting drug users in Estonia, 2005–2009

Uusküla

Rajaleid

Talu

et al. 2013

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Aims and setting Descriptions of behavioural epidemics have received little attention compared with infectious disease epidemics in Eastern Europe. Here we report a study aimed at estimating trends in the prevalence of injection drug use between 2005 and 2009 in Estonia. Design and methods The number of injection drug users (IDUs) aged 15–44 each year between 2005 and 2009 was estimated using capture-recapture methodology based on 4 data sources (2 treatment data bases: drug abuse and non-fatal overdose treatment; criminal justice (drug related offences) and mortality (injection drug use related deaths) data). Poisson log-linear regression models were applied to the matched data, with interactions between data sources fitted to replicate the dependencies between the data sources. Linear regression was used to estimate average change over time. Findings there were 24305, 12292, 238, 545 records and 8100, 1655, 155, 545 individual IDUs identified in the four capture sources (Police, drug treatment, overdose, and death registry, accordingly) over the period 2005 – 2009. The estimated prevalence of IDUs among the population aged 15–44 declined from 2.7% (1.8–7.9%) in 2005 to 2.0% (1.4–5.0%) in 2008, and 0.9% (0.7–1.7%) in 2009. Regression analysis indicated an average reduction of over 1700 injectors per year. Conclusion While the capture-recapture method has known limitations, the results are consistent with other data from Estonia. Identifying the drivers of change in the prevalence of injection drug use warrants further research.

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“…In the majority of cases, fentanyl was detected in blood samples together with 3-methylfentanyl [e.g., Ref. (43, 44)].…”

Section: Fentanyl Carfentanil and Non-pharmaceutical Fentanyls (Npf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Expanding World of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Opioids

Zawilska

2017

Front. Psychiatry

154

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The abuse of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has been increasing dramatically worldwide since late 2000s. By the end of 2015, more than 560 NPS had been reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Although the most popular compounds are synthetic cannabinoids and psychostimulatory derivatives of cathinone (so-called β-keto-amphetamines), novel synthetic opioids have recently emerged on the recreational drug market. They include fentanyl (a potent narcotic analgesic) and its analogs (e.g., acetylfentanyl, acryloylfentanyl, carfentanil, α-methylfentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, 4-fluorobutyrylfentanyl, 4-methoxybutyrylfentanyl, 4-chloroisobutyrylfentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl, tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl, cyclopentylfentanyl, and ocfentanil) and compounds with different chemical structures, such as AH-7921, MT-45, and U-47700. This survey provides an overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, and desired and unwanted effects of the above-listed novel opioids. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds.

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Fatal poisoning in Estonia 2000–2009. Trends in illegal drug-related deaths

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Fatalities involving illicit drug use in Pretoria, South Africa, for the period 2003 - 2012

Fatalities involving illicit drug use in Pretoria, South Africa, for the period 2003 - 2012

A decline in the prevalence of injecting drug users in Estonia, 2005–2009

An Expanding World of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Opioids

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