Fatal Outcome of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Infection in a Traveler with Incomplete HAV Vaccination and Evidence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection

Oltmann, Anke; Kämper, Stephanie; Staeck, Oliver; Schmidt‐Chanasit, Jonas; Günther, Stephan; Berg, Thomas; Frank, Christina; Krüger, Detlev H.; Hofmann, Jörg

doi:10.1128/jcm.01102-08

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…As also humans may serve as amplifying hosts, the introduction of RVFV by viremic humans seems possible and probable. In 2008, one case of RVF was diagnosed retrospectively in Germany in an ill woman, who had returned from Africa [ 86 ]. However, few data exist on the vector competence of European mosquito species for RVFV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration

2010

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Arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. They belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. Several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like West Nile virus (WNV) in the Americas, Usutu virus (USUV) in Central Europe, or Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in the Arabian Peninsula. In most instances the ways of introduction of arboviruses into new regions are not known. Infections acquired during stays in the tropics and subtropics are diagnosed with increasing frequency in travellers returning from tropical countries, but interestingly no attention is paid on accompanying pet animals or the hematophagous ectoparasites that may still be attached to them. Here we outline the known ecology of the mosquito-borne equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV, EEEV, and VEEV), WNV, USUV, RVFV, and Japanese Encephalitis virus, as well as Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus and its North American counterpart Powassan virus, and will discuss the most likely mode that these viruses could expand their respective geographical range. All these viruses have a different epidemiology as different vector species, reservoir hosts and virus types have adapted to promiscuous and robust or rather very fine-balanced transmission cycles. Consequently, these viruses will behave differently with regard to the requirements needed to establish new endemic foci outside their original geographical ranges. Hence, emphasis is given on animal trade and suitable ecologic conditions, including competent vectors and vertebrate hosts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration

2010

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“…Severity of human RVF was associated with the presence of concomitant co-infections. A fatal outcome in a travel related case was attributed to the presence of concurrent hepatitis A virus infection [ 45 ]. Additionally, a study in South Africa during the 2010 RVFV outbreak indicated that existing HIV-positive infection status was associated with risk of the encephalitic form of RVF disease [ 129 ], a finding similar to experience among HIV-infected patients in Tanzania in 2007, where all patients with HIV-positive status developed encephalitis, and of whom 75% died [ 123 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead they are strongly linked to excess rainfall and to local flooding events [24] and the consequent rise in mosquito abundance [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In addition, there is mounting evidence that suggests that there is continuing low-level RVFV transmission to humans and to animals between recognized epidemic periods [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Undetected infections, particularly in livestock, provide an important reservoir for recurrent outbreaks, leading to a continuing threat of disease in economically marginal communities and risk of further geographical expansion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021

et al. 2022

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Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a lethal threat to humans and livestock in many parts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean. This systematic review’s objective was to consolidate understanding of RVFV epidemiology during 1999–2021 and highlight knowledge gaps relevant to plans for human vaccine trials. Methodology/Principal findings The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020221622). Reports of RVFV infection or exposure among humans, animals, and/or vectors in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean during the period January 1999 to June 2021 were eligible for inclusion. Online databases were searched for publications, and supplemental materials were recovered from official reports and research colleagues. Exposures were classified into five groups: 1) acute human RVF cases, 2) acute animal cases, 3) human RVFV sero-surveys, 4) animal sero-surveys, and 5) arthropod infections. Human risk factors, circulating RVFV lineages, and surveillance methods were also tabulated. In meta-analysis of risks, summary odds ratios were computed using random-effects modeling. 1104 unique human or animal RVFV transmission events were reported in 39 countries during 1999–2021. Outbreaks among humans or animals occurred at rates of 5.8/year and 12.4/year, respectively, with Mauritania, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan having the most human outbreak years. Men had greater odds of RVFV infection than women, and animal contact, butchering, milking, and handling aborted material were significantly associated with greater odds of exposure. Animal infection risk was linked to location, proximity to water, and exposure to other herds or wildlife. RVFV was detected in a variety of mosquito vectors during interepidemic periods, confirming ongoing transmission. Conclusions/Significance With broad variability in surveillance, case finding, survey design, and RVFV case confirmation, combined with uncertainty about populations-at-risk, there were inconsistent results from location to location. However, it was evident that RVFV transmission is expanding its range and frequency. Gaps assessment indicated the need to harmonize human and animal surveillance and improve diagnostics and genotyping. Given the frequency of RVFV outbreaks, human vaccination has strong potential to mitigate the impact of this now widely endemic disease.

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