Fatal lancehead pit viper (Bothrops spp.) envenomation in horses

Machado, Mizael; Wilson, Taís Meziara; Sousa, Davi Emanuel Ribeiro de; Câmara, Antônio Carlos Lopes; Furlan, Fernando Henrique; Macêdo, Juliana Targino Silva Almeida e; Pupin, Rayane C.; Lemos, Ricardo A.A.; Armién, Aníbal G.; Barros, Severo Sales de; Riet-Correa, Franklin; Castro, Márcio Botelho de

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.002

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Crotalic envenomation presents a small frequency in humans (8 to 20%) in comparison with reports of bothropic envenomation (80 to 90%) in Brazil [10]. Natural bothropic envenomation is also more frequent in dogs and cats [20,22,35], and in farm animals [19,23,38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) Envenomation in Dogs in the Semiarid Region of Brazil

Machado

Pessoa

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) envenomation is rarely reported in small animals and livestock in Brazil. Minor swelling at the snakebite site, skeletal muscle, and renal damage, and severe neurological signs characterize the crotalic envenomation. This case report aims to present epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of two cases of Crotalus durissus spp envenomation in dogs in the Northeast of Brazil.Cases: Envenomation by Crotalus durissus spp. was recorded in two dogs in Patos, State of Paraíba, Brazil. In Case 1, the dog presented flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, a deficit of cranial nerves, epistaxis, and gingival hemorrhages. Laboratory assay showed proteinuria, myoglobinuria, regenerative thrombocytopenia, and increased serum activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The dog was medicated with crotalic antivenom and wholly recovered from local and systemic clinical signs. In Case 2, the dog died and was detected fang marks at the ventral region of the left mandible (two small parallel perforations spaced 2.0 cm apart) at the snakebite site. Cyanosis of the oral cavity, congestion, and hemorrhages in several organs were observed at necropsy. Tubular nephrosis, muscular necrosis, hepatocytes swelling were observed. The owners witnessed snakebites, and the rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus spp.) identified by the rattle at the end portion of the tail in both cases. Discussion: Natural South American rattlesnake envenomation presents complex clinical signs that makes diagnosis a challenge for veterinary practitioners. The criteria for the correct diagnosis and observed in the two dogs include witness of the snakebite, identification of the snake, detection of fang marks, clinical-pathological findings, and therapeutic response to treatment with specific anti-venom. The dog’s owners did not identify the subspecies of rattlesnakes; however, Crotalus durissus cascavella and Crotalus durissus collilineatus are the only species found in the Northeast region of Brazil. Crotoxin is the primary toxic component of South American rattlesnake, which induces neuromuscular blockage, and neurological signs (skeletal muscle flaccid paralysis, apathy, hyporeflexia, cranial nerve deficits). These clinical signs are similar to those observed in the two dogs. Respiratory distress, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage are secondary to respiratory muscle paralysis and also detected in a dog (Case 2) with crotalic envenomation. Minor local swelling at the snakebite site, myotoxicity observed in both dogs (high serum activities of CK and AST - Case 1), degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers - Case 2), and fang marks observed in Case 2, strengthen the diagnosis of Crotalus durissus envenomation. Nephrotoxicity was also detected in both dogs (increased specific gravity of urine - Case 1 and myoglobin deposition and degeneration of renal epithelial tubular cells - Case 2). Coagulative disorders and hepatotoxicity are infrequently in domestic animals and humans with crotalic envenomation. High serum activities of ALP and ALT in Case 1, and swelling of hepatocytes in Case 2, suggest liver damage associated with the crotalic envenomation. The differential diagnosis of South American rattlesnake envenomation should be included in dogs with acute neuromuscular flaccid paralysis, associated or not with bleeding disorders, myoglobinuria, and acute kidney injury.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) Envenomation in Dogs in the Semiarid Region of Brazil

Machado

Pessoa

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…envenomation. 12 In a case report of a dog with ascending paralysis following envenomation by a southern Pacific rattlesnake, postmortem changes were limited to the lungs, and the constellation of histologic findings was suggestive of acute respiratory distress syndrome. 5 The lack of renal lesions in the pigs of our study may have been related to the rapid clinical course of the disease after the bite.…”

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Rattlesnake envenomation in 2 Visayan warty pigs

Henderson

Stadler

Poppenga³

et al. 2021

J VET Diagn Invest

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Rattlesnake envenomation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals in the southwestern United States and elsewhere. Two Visayan warty pigs ( Sus cebifrons) from a regional zoo were submitted for autopsy after being found dead close to a southern Pacific rattlesnake ( Crotalus helleri) in their enclosure. Both pigs had severe regionally extensive cutaneous, subcutaneous, and muscle hemorrhage and edema with myonecrosis. Additionally, both pigs had lesions consistent with puncture wounds within the oral cavity, and one pig had a similar wound on a forelimb. The history, and gross and histologic findings, were consistent with envenomation by rattlesnake bite. There are few documented cases of snakebite envenomation in pigs, and it had been suggested that pigs may have some degree of resistance to envenomation. Our results indicate that warty pigs are susceptible to the action of rattlesnake venom.

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