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Bioarchaeology is an important field of interdisciplinary research based upon the contextual study of anthro-pological materials. In particular, bioarchaeology of childhood appears to be the most specialised area of re-search, addressing quality of life and social patterns of ancient groups. In this paper, we continue the study of the infant remains from the burial mound No. 1 of the Boldyrevo-4 burial ground — one of the elite and largest burial mounds of the Yamnaya (Pit Grave) Culture in the northern part of the Volga-Urals. It was located on the left bank of the Irtek River, a tributary of the Ural, and had a diameter of 62 m and a reconstructed height of 8 m. The earli-est horizon was represented by mounds Nos. 1 and 2 with close parameters. They contained one burial each (burials Nos. 3 and 4, respectively), located in the centers of the mound platforms, which belonged to children. Based on the results of our preliminary study, the child from burial No. 3 died of metastatic cancer (the most probable diagnosis is lymphocytic leukaemia). Burial No. 4 contained remains of two children. Child No. 1 from burial No. 4, represented only by the cranium, had possibly suffered from scurvy. Here we publish the results of the analysis of ancient DNA aimed at identifying the sex of the interred, as well as the results of the Sr isotope analysis, which allows determination of their ‘local’ or ‘distant’ origin. The quality of the ancient DNA was evaluated by targeted sequencing carried out using a specially designed panel of probes that allowed the selection of target sections of the genome for subsequent enrichment using the method of hybridisation, followed by the target NGS. The genetic data confirm that all three individuals belonged to the female sex. On the basis of Sr isotope ratios, the girls from burials Nos. 3 and 4 (No. 2) were born in the territories with different geochemical signals. Unfortunately, for the child No. 1 from burial No. 4 such observations could not be obtained. The biological age (around 6 years old), female sex attributes, and the presence of serious health conditions allows one to pose the question on the selective nature of the children burials in this mound of the Yamnaya Culture. Moreover, they could have received a special hereditary social status, which influenced the further erection of the burial mound for members of the elite.
Bioarchaeology is an important field of interdisciplinary research based upon the contextual study of anthro-pological materials. In particular, bioarchaeology of childhood appears to be the most specialised area of re-search, addressing quality of life and social patterns of ancient groups. In this paper, we continue the study of the infant remains from the burial mound No. 1 of the Boldyrevo-4 burial ground — one of the elite and largest burial mounds of the Yamnaya (Pit Grave) Culture in the northern part of the Volga-Urals. It was located on the left bank of the Irtek River, a tributary of the Ural, and had a diameter of 62 m and a reconstructed height of 8 m. The earli-est horizon was represented by mounds Nos. 1 and 2 with close parameters. They contained one burial each (burials Nos. 3 and 4, respectively), located in the centers of the mound platforms, which belonged to children. Based on the results of our preliminary study, the child from burial No. 3 died of metastatic cancer (the most probable diagnosis is lymphocytic leukaemia). Burial No. 4 contained remains of two children. Child No. 1 from burial No. 4, represented only by the cranium, had possibly suffered from scurvy. Here we publish the results of the analysis of ancient DNA aimed at identifying the sex of the interred, as well as the results of the Sr isotope analysis, which allows determination of their ‘local’ or ‘distant’ origin. The quality of the ancient DNA was evaluated by targeted sequencing carried out using a specially designed panel of probes that allowed the selection of target sections of the genome for subsequent enrichment using the method of hybridisation, followed by the target NGS. The genetic data confirm that all three individuals belonged to the female sex. On the basis of Sr isotope ratios, the girls from burials Nos. 3 and 4 (No. 2) were born in the territories with different geochemical signals. Unfortunately, for the child No. 1 from burial No. 4 such observations could not be obtained. The biological age (around 6 years old), female sex attributes, and the presence of serious health conditions allows one to pose the question on the selective nature of the children burials in this mound of the Yamnaya Culture. Moreover, they could have received a special hereditary social status, which influenced the further erection of the burial mound for members of the elite.
В научной литературе ведутся споры о существовании культуры или субкультуры инвалидности. Однако не вызывает сомнений, что у людей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья формируются особые стили жизни, обусловленные не только наличием того или иного заболевания или нарушений функций организма, но и восприятием инвалидности как социокультурного феномена в конкретном обществе, а также стигматизацией людей с инвалидностью как социальной группы. Опираясь на свои полевые материалы, а также тексты автобиографических сочинений, автор показывает, каким образом в России складывается социокультурное «инвалидное гетто» – замкнутая среда, в котором люди с ограниченными возможностями здоровья часто учатся, работают, общаются. Отмечается, что такой стиль жизни характерен прежде всего для инвалидов детства. В статье также рассматриваются жизненные стратегии тех, кто получил статус инвалида во взрослом возрасте и кто пытается выйти за пределы «замкнутой» среды. Автор видит причины подобного обособления в низком статусе людей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья, а также в стигматизации инвалидности, глубоко укорененной в российском обществе и культуре. There are scholarly discussions about the so-called disability culture / subcultures. However, nobody doubts that there are specific lifestyles of disabled persons determined not only by their illness, dysfunction or disability, but also by the perception of disability as a social and cultural phenomenon in various societies in particular historical and cultural contexts. These lifestyles are also much impacted by the stigmatization of disability which exists in many societies. The author examines problems of the so-called sociocultural “ghetto” for disabled people in Russia. Drawing on her field materials – texts of in-depth interviews and analysis of autobiographies, she demonstrates the process of construction of this subculture in which disabled people often live. This lifestyle is mostly typical for persons with innate disability. The author also investigates life experience of people with acquired disability who try to escape life in the “ghetto” and who experience other problems. E. Nosenko-Stein sees the cause of this “ghetto” construction in the stigmatization of disability, which is profoundly rooted in Russian society and culture.
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