Fat-soluble vitamins: updated review of their role and orchestration in human nutrition throughout life cycle with sex differences

Abstract

Age and Gender are vital determinants for the micronutrient demands of normal indviduals. Among these micronutrients are vitamins that are required in small amounts for optimum metabolism, homeostasis, and a healthy lifestyle, acting as coenzymes in several biochemical reactions. The majority of previous studies have examined such issues that relates to a specific vitamin or life stage, with the majority merely reporting the effect of either excess or deficiency. Vitamins are classified into water-soluble and fat-soluble components. The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Fat-soluble vitamins were found to have an indisputable role in an array of physiological processes such as immune regulation, vision, bone and mental health. Nonetheless, the fat-soluble vitamins are now considered a prophylactic measurement for a multitude of diseases such as autism, rickets disease, gestational diabetes, and asthma. Herein, in this review, a deep insight into the orchestration of the four different fat-soluble vitamins requirements is presented for the first time across the human life cycle beginning from fertility, pregnancy, adulthood, and senility with an extensive assessment ofthe interactions among them and their underlying mechanistic actions. The influence of sex for each vitamin is also presented at each life stage to highlight the different daily requirements and effects.

Frequency of Vitamins and Nutritional Supplements Use among Iraqi People in Baghdad City

“…As a result, they have to be taken frequently in sufficient quantities to meet the daily need [30]. On the other hand, lipidsoluble vitamins, such as vitamin D, are generally stored in the liver, and their urinary excretion is mostly limited; as a result, excessive consumption of these vitamins carries the risk of toxicity [31]. In the present study, respondents to the final part of the questionnaire stated that only forty percent of the total participants relied on the recommendation of their physician to consume vitamins or other nutritional supplements.…”

Nutrición animal: Texto de formación universitaria

“…Las deficiencias de micronutrientes pueden disminuir el rendimiento del funcionamiento del sistema inmunitario, lo que representa un contribuyente clave para los estados inmunológicos desfavorables (Mitra et al, 2022). Entre estos micronutrientes se encuentran las vitaminas que son moléculas orgánicas que se requieren en pequeñas cantidades para un metabolismo óptimo, la homeostasis y una vida saludable, siendo la función más importante la de actuar como coenzimas en una variedad de reacciones bioquímicas catalizadas por enzimas (Youness et al, 2022).…”

“…Casi todas las especies de animales pueden sintetizar ácido ascórbico. A lo largo de la evolución, varias especies de animales, incluido el humano, han perdido la capacidad de sintetizar ácido ascórbico (ascorbato, vitamina C), una molécula esencial en la fisiología de animales y plantas (Youness et al, 2022), por lo que requieren una fuente exógena de ácido ascórbico.…”

Versatile Applications of Cyanobacteria in Biotechnology

“…Individuals acquire significant number of vitamins via the consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy products such meat, fish and eggs. However, an individual with some vitamins' deficiency could be treated with artificial or synthetic vitamin, through oral or intramuscular delivery of vitamins: B 12 (oral and intramuscular), D1 (oral ergocalciferol), C (oral) and K1 (intramuscular) [51][52][53][54][55].…”